ENDOCRINE

S Y S T E M

OBJECTIVES
I.

Define and Describe briefly the functions of Endocrine System II. Describe how hormones bring about their effect in the body I. Discuss the function of Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary gland and hormon these glands secrete IV. Relate the effects of Hypothalamus and Posterior pituitary glands hormones human behavior

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Composed of various glands located throughout the body. These glands are capable of synthesizing and releasing special messengers called hormones.
5 general functions: 1. Differentiation of the reproductive system and central nervous system in the developing fetus.

2. Simulation of sequential growth and development during childhood and adolescence.

3. Coordination of the female and male reproductive systems, which makes sexual reproduction possible.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
4. Maintenance of an optimal internal environment throughout the life span. 5. Initiation of corrective and adoptive responses when initiations of emergency demands

MAJOR GLANDS: 1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary gland (Anterior/Posterior) 3. Pineal 4. Thyroid 5. Parathyroid 6. Thymus 7. Pancreas 8. Adrenal Medulla 9. Adrenal Cortex 10.Gonads (Testes / Ovaries)

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Difference between Endocrine and Nervous System:

NERVOUS SYSTEM

VS.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

SHORT TERM, QUICK RESPONSE

LONG TERM, SLOW RESPONSE

HORMONES
Chemical substance that are secreted by cells into the bloodstream and regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body. Negative Feedback feedback that tends to stabilize a process by reducing its rate or output when its effects are too great Positive feedback described as a self-amplifying cycle in which one change, leads to even more significant changes in the same direction.

HORMONES
Stimuli that activate the endocrine gland:

Hormonal stimulus most common stimuli in which endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones Humoral stimulus changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients that stimulate hormonal release.
Neural stimulus nerve fibers stimulate hormone release and target cells.

HYPOTHALAMUS
a very small, but extremely important part of the diencephalon that is involved in the mediation of endocrine, autonomic and behavioral functions

The hypothalamus:
controls the release of 8 major hormones by the pituitary gland

involved in temperature regulation

In control of food and water intake sexual behavior and reproduction, control of daily cycles in physiological state and behavior, and mediation of emotional responses.

PITUITARY-HYPOTHALAMUS RELATIONSHIP
Main Endocrine function: It controls the release of hormones in Posterior Pituitary gland because the release of each hormone is controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus Hormones produced by Hypothalamus: Oxytocin

Antidiuretic

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

Is not an endocrine gland in the strict sense, but act as storage area for hormones made by hypothalamic neurons.

ANTIDIURETIC

ANTIDIURETIC
- Chemical that inhibits or prevents urine production. - Causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the forming urine. - Also called VASOPRESSIN, for it increases blood pressure by causing constriction of the arterioles.
HYPOSECRETION: Diabetes Insipidus

Enuresis (bedwetting)
HYPERSECRETION: Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH

ANTIDIURETIC
DIABETES INSIPIDUS is an uncommon disorder characterized by intense thirst, despite the drinking of fluids (polydipsia), and the excretion of large amounts of urine (polyuria).
Common causes: Idiopathic: 30% to 50% of all cases and the majority of cases presenting in primary care Trauma: iatrogenic (cranial surgery, especially hypophysectomy; head injury, especially basal skull fractures); the polyuria is often transient in such cases Tumors: craniopharyngioma, hypothalamic tumors, pineal tumors, metastases (especially lungand breast), lymphoma

ANTIDIURETIC
ENURESIS (Bedwetting) Sometimes enuresis is also called involuntary urination. Nocturnal enuresis is involuntary urination that occurs at night.
Common causes:

Hormonal problems. ADH, causes the body to produce less urine at night. But some people's bodies don't make enough ADH, which means their bodies may produce too much urine while they're sleeping.

ANTIDIURETIC
SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ADH The syndrome causes the body to retain water and certain levels of electrolytes in the blood to fall (such as sodium)
Common causes Drugs: antidepressants, angiotensin, narcotics, nicotine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, SSRIs, and many others Post-operative stress caused by surgery, use of a mechanical ventilator, or anesthetic agents Hormone administration: vasopressin, CNS disturbances due to infections meningitis, stroke, trauma, or neurosurgery Pulmonary disorders: pneumonia, tuberculosis, emphysema

ANTIDIURETIC
ADH and human behavior: Has primarily implicated in male-typical social behaviors, including aggression.

AVP has been shown to inuence social communication in a sex-specic manner

promoting agonistic facial responses towards same-sex faces in men but afflictive responses in women.

OXYTOCIN

OXYTOCIN
Hormone released in significant amounts only during childbirth and nursing women.
Effects when released: Stimulates powerful contractions of the uterine muscle during labor Causes milk ejection (let-down reflex) in nursing women Synthetic oxytocic drugs are used to stop postpartum bleeding Triggered by: distension of the cervix and vagina during labor after stimulation of the nipples, facilitating birth and breastfeeding

OXYTOCIN
- Although probably best known for its role in childbirth and breast feeding, research has shown that oxytocin may have many farreaching effects for both men and women in many areas of their lives, particularly when it comes to relationships and emotional involvement.

Researches suggest that oxytocin is: - the bonding hormone - the cuddle hormone/ Love Hormone
Triggered easily by: - Hug /Shaking hands (Bodily contact) - Gazing at someone/Thinking about them - Hugging and playing with your pet

OXYTOCIN
Effects of Oxytocin when released:

Oxytocin also helps to repress memories of the pain of childbirth Promotes the first mother-baby bonding Oxytocin helps to regulate sleep patterns, calms you and contributes to a general sense of well being made people more trusting, more generous, and more sociable. It is the chemical reason behind your feeling of social bonds, and ultimately love.

OXYTOCIN
Effects of Oxytocin when released:

As intimate touching increase, oxytocin levels increase, It promotes a bond of intimacy, closeness and desire which increases sexual receptiveness and the desire to be touched further being touched further causes even more oxytocin to be released and so desire and arousal is heightened even more. Thus oxytocin promotes sexual foreplay.

OXYTOCIN
Effects of Oxytocin when released:
Painful/ Fearful situation
HIGH LEVELS OF OXYTOCIN LONG TERM ANXIETY/FEAR

Activates ERK

Causes long term memory and anxiety when faced into a fear induces and stressful situation.
BASED FROM: Northwestern Medicine research (July 2013, Science Daily) *(extracellular signal regulated kinases)

OXYTOCIN
NEGATIVE EFFECTS:
oxytocin is essential for strengthening the memory of negative

social interactions
oxytocin increases fear and anxiety in future stressful situations.

Thus, Oxytocin is likely also behind those gut-wrenching feelings of sorrow and heart-break.

OXYTOCIN
High levels of Oxytocin: High levels have been linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia Low levels of Oxytocin: A lack of oxytocin in a nursing mother would prevent the milk-ejection reflex and prevent breastfeeding. Low oxytocin levels have been linked to autism and autistic spectrum disorders (eg, Asperger syndrome) a key element of these disorders being poor social functioning.