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Excess Rainfall

Reading for todays material:


Sections 5.3-5.7

Slides prepared by V.M. Merwade
Excess rainfall
Rainfall that is neither retained on the land
surface nor infiltrated into the soil
Graph of excess rainfall versus time is
called excess rainfall hyetograph
Direct runoff = observed streamflow -
baseflow
Excess rainfall = observed rainfall -
abstractions
Abstractions/losses difference between
total rainfall hyetograph and excess rainfall
hyetograph
|-index
|-index: Constant rate of abstraction
yielding excess rainfall hyetograph with
depth equal to depth of direct runoff
Used to compute excess rainfall
hyetograph when observed rainfall and
streamflow data are available

|-index method
( )

=
A =
M
m
m d
t R r
1
|
Goal: pick At, and
adjust value of M to
satisfy the equation
Steps
1. Estimate baseflow
2. DRH = streamflow
hydrograph baseflow
3. Compute r
d
, r
d
=
V
d
/watershed area
4. Adjust M until you get a
satisfactory value of |
5. ERH = R
m
- |At
interval time
runoff driect to ng contributi
rainfall of intervals #
index Phi
rainfall observed
runoff direct of depth
= A
=
=
=
=
t
M
R
r
m
d
|
Example
Time Observed
Rain Flow
in cfs
8:30 203
9:00 0.15 246
9:30 0.26 283
10:00 1.33 828
10:30 2.2 2323
11:00 0.2 5697
11:30 0.09 9531
12:00 11025
12:30 8234
1:00 4321
1:30 2246
2:00 1802
2:30 1230
3:00 713
3:30 394
4:00 354
4:30 303
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
7:30 PM 9:00 PM 10:30 PM 12:00 AM 1:30 AM 3:00 AM 4:30 AM 6:00 AM
Time
S
t
r
e
a
m
f
l
o
w

(
c
f
s
)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
No direct runoff until after 9:30
And little precip after 11:00
Have precipitation and streamflow data, need to estimate losses
Basin area A = 7.03 mi2
Example (Cont.)
Estimate baseflow (straight line method)
Constant = 400 cfs
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
7:30 PM 9:00 PM 10:30 PM 12:00 AM 1:30 AM 3:00 AM 4:30 AM 6:00 AM
Time
S
t
r
e
a
m
f
l
o
w

(
c
f
s
)
baseflow
Time Observed
Direct
Runoff
Rain Flow
in cfs cfs
8:30 0.15 203
9:00 0.26 246
9:30 1.33 283
10:00 2.2 828 428
10:30 2.08 2323 1923
11:00 0.2 5697 5297
11:30 0.09 9531 9131
12:00 11025 10625
12:30 8234 7834
1:00 4321 3921
1:30 2246 1846
2:00 1802 1402
2:30 1230 830
3:00 713 313
3:30 394
4:00 354 43550
4:30 303

Example (Cont.)
Calculate Direct
Runoff Hydrograph
Subtract 400 cfs
Total = 43,550 cfs
Example (Cont.)
Compute volume of direct runoff
3 7
3
11
1
11
1
ft 10 * 7.839
/s ft 550 , 43 * hr 5 . 0 * s/hr 3600
=
=

A =

A =
= = n
n
n
n d
Q t t Q V
Compute depth of direct runoff
in 80 . 4
ft 4 . 0
ft 5280 * mi 03 . 7
ft 10 * 7.839
2 2
3 7
=
=
=
=
A
V
r
d
d
Example (Cont.)
Neglect all precipitation intervals that occur
before the onset of direct runoff (before 9:30)
Select R
m
as the precipitation values in the 1.5
hour period from 10:00 11:30
( )
) 5 . 0 * 3 * 08 . 2 20 . 2 33 . 1 ( 80 . 4
1
|
|
+ + =

A =
=
M
m
m d
t R r
in 27 . 0 = At |
in 54 . 0 = |
in 80 . 4 =
d
r
Example (Cont.)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
7:30 PM 9:00 PM 10:30 PM 12:00 AM 1:30 AM 3:00 AM 4:30 AM 6:00 AM
Time
S
t
r
e
a
m
f
l
o
w

(
c
f
s
)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
|At=0.27
Time Observed
Direct
Runoff
Excess
Rainfall
Rain Flow
in cfs cfs in
8:30 0.15 203
9:00 0.26 246
9:30 1.33 283
10:00 2.2 828 428 1.06
10:30 2.08 2323 1923 1.93
11:00 0.2 5697 5297 1.81
11:30 0.09 9531 9131
12:00 11025 10625
12:30 8234 7834
1:00 4321 3921
1:30 2246 1846
2:00 1802 1402
2:30 1230 830
3:00 713 313
3:30 394
4:00 354 43550
4:30 303

SCS method
Soil conservation service (SCS) method is an
experimentally derived method to determine
rainfall excess using information about soils,
vegetative cover, hydrologic condition and
antecedent moisture conditions
The method is based on the simple relationship
that P
e
= P - F
a
I
a


P
e
is runoff volume, P is
precipitation volume, F
a
is
continuing abstraction, and I
a
is
the sum of initial losses
(depression storage,
interception, ET)
Time
P
r
e
c
i
p
i
t
a
t
i
o
n

p
t
a
I
a
F
e
P
a a e
F I P P + + =
Abstractions SCS Method
In general

After runoff begins

Potential runoff

SCS Assumption


Combining SCS
assumption with
P=P
e
+I
a
+F
a


Time
P
r
e
c
i
p
i
t
a
t
i
o
n

p
t
a
I
a
F
e
P
a a e
F I P P + + =
Storage Maximum Potential S
n Abstractio Continuing
n Abstractio Initial
Excess Rainfall
Rainfall Total
=
=
=
=
=
a
a
e
F
I
P
P
P P
e
s
S F
a
s
a
I P
a
e a
I P
P
S
F

=
( )
S I P
I P
P
a
a
e
+

=
2
SCS Method (Cont.)
Experiments showed

So
S I
a
2 . 0 =
( )
S P
S P
P
e
8 . 0
2 . 0
2
+

=
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Cumulative Rainfall, P, in
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

D
i
r
e
c
t

R
u
n
o
f
f
,

P
e
,

i
n
100
90
80
70
60
40
20
10
Surface
Impervious: CN =
100
Natural: CN < 100
100) CN 0 Units; American (
10
1000
< <
=
CN
S
100) CN 30 Units; SI (
254
25400
< <
= CN
CN
S
SCS Method (Cont.)
S and CN depend on antecedent rainfall
conditions
Normal conditions, AMC(II)
Dry conditions, AMC(I)

Wet conditions, AMC(III)
) ( 058 . 0 10
) ( 2 . 4
) (
II CN
II CN
I CN

=
) ( 13 . 0 10
) ( 23
) (
II CN
II CN
III CN
+
=
SCS Method (Cont.)
SCS Curve Numbers depend on soil conditions
Group Minimum Infiltration
Rate (in/hr)
Soil type
A 0.3 0.45 High infiltration rates. Deep, well
drained sands and gravels
B 0.15 0.30 Moderate infiltration rates. Moderately
deep, moderately well drained soils
with moderately coarse textures (silt,
silt loam)
C 0.05 0.15 Slow infiltration rates. Soils with layers,
or soils with moderately fine textures
(clay loams)
D 0.00 0.05 Very slow infiltration rates. Clayey
soils, high water table, or shallow
impervious layer
Example - SCS Method - 1
Rainfall: 5 in.
Area: 1000-ac
Soils:
Class B: 50%
Class C: 50%
Antecedent moisture: AMC(II)
Land use
Residential
40% with 30% impervious cover
12% with 65% impervious cover
Paved roads: 18% with curbs and storm sewers
Open land: 16%
50% fair grass cover
50% good grass cover
Parking lots, etc.: 14%
Example (SCS Method 1,
Cont.)
Hydrologic Soil Group
B C
Land use % CN Product % CN Product
Residential (30% imp
cover)
20 72 14.40 20 81 16.20
Residential (65% imp
cover)
6 85 5.10 6 90 5.40
Roads 9 98 8.82 9 98 8.82
Open land: good cover 4 61 2.44 4 74 2.96
Open land: Fair cover 4 69 2.76 4 79 3.16
Parking lots, etc 7 98 6.86 7 98 6.86
Total 50 40.38 50 43.40
8 . 83 40 . 43 38 . 40 = + = CN
CN values come from Table 5.5.2
Example (SCS Method 1
Cont.)
Average AMC



Wet AMC
3 . 92
8 . 83 * 13 . 0 10
8 . 83 * 23
) ( 13 . 0 10
) ( 23
) ( =
+
=
+
=
II CN
II CN
III CN
( ) ( )
in 25 . 3
93 . 1 * 8 . 0 5
93 . 1 * 2 . 0 5
8 . 0
2 . 0
2 2
=
+

=
+

=
S P
S P
P
e
in 93 . 1 10
8 . 83
1000
= = S
8 . 83 = CN
( ) ( )
in 13 . 4
83 . 0 * 8 . 0 5
83 . 0 * 2 . 0 5
8 . 0
2 . 0
2 2
=
+

=
+

=
S P
S P
P
e
in 83 . 0 10
3 . 92
1000
= = S
10
1000
=
CN
S
Example (SCS Method 2)
Given P, CN = 80, AMC(II)
Find: Cumulative abstractions and excess rainfall hyetograph
Time
(hr)
Cumulativ
e
Rainfall
(in)
Cumulative
Abstractions (in)
Cumulative
Excess Rainfall
(in)
Excess Rainfall
Hyetograph (in)
P Ia Fa Pe
0 0
1 0.2
2 0.9
3 1.27
4 2.31
5 4.65
6 5.29
7 5.36
Example (SCS Method 2)
Calculate storage
Calculate initial abstraction
Initial abstraction removes
0.2 in. in 1
st
period (all the precip)
0.3 in. in the 2
nd
period (only part
of the precip)
Calculate continuing abstraction
in 50 . 2 10
80
1000
10
1000
= = =
CN
S
a
e
a
I P
P
S F

=
in 5 . 0 5 . 2 * 2 . 0 2 . 0 = = = S I
a
a a e
F I P P + + =
) 0 . 2 (
) 5 . 0 ( 5 . 2
) (
) (
+

=
+

=
P
P
S I P
I P S
F
a
a
a
in 34 . 0
) 0 . 2 9 . 0 (
) 5 . 0 9 . 0 ( 5 . 2
hr) (2 =
+

=
a
F
Time
(hr)
Cumulative
Rainfall (in)
P
0 0
1 0.2
2 0.9
3 1.27
4 2.31
5 4.65
6 5.29
7 5.36
Example (SCS method 2)
Cumulative abstractions can now be calculated
Time
(hr)
Cumulati
ve
Rainfall
(in)
Cumulative
Abstractions (in)
P Ia Fa
0 0 0 -
1 0.2 0.2 -
2 0.9 0.5 0.34
3 1.27 0.5 0.59
4 2.31 0.5 1.05
5 4.65 0.5 1.56
6 5.29 0.5 1.64
7 5.36 0.5 1.65
) 0 . 2 (
) 5 . 0 ( 5 . 2
+

=
P
P
F
a
Example (SCS method 2)
Cumulative excess rainfall can now be calculated
Excess Rainfall Hyetograph can be calculated
Time
(hr)
Cumulative
Rainfall
(in)
Cumulative
Abstractions (in)
Cumulative
Excess Rainfall (in)
Excess Rainfall
Hyetograph (in)
P Ia Fa Pe
0 0 0 - 0 0
1 0.2 0.2 - 0 0
2 0.9 0.5 0.34 0.06 0.06
3 1.27 0.5 0.59 0.18 0.12
4 2.31 0.5 1.05 0.76 0.58
5 4.65 0.5 1.56 2.59 1.83
6 5.29 0.5 1.64 3.15 0.56
7 5.36 0.5 1.65 3.21 0.06
a a e
F I P P =
Example (SCS method 2)
Cumulative excess rainfall can now be calculated
Excess Rainfall Hyetograph can be calculated
Time
(hr)
Cumulative
Rainfall
(in)
Cumulative
Abstractions (in)
Cumulative
Excess Rainfall (in)
Excess Rainfall
Hyetograph (in)
P Ia Fa Pe
0 0 0 - 0 0
1 0.2 0.2 - 0 0
2 0.9 0.5 0.34 0.06 0.06
3 1.27 0.5 0.59 0.18 0.12
4 2.31 0.5 1.05 0.76 0.58
5 4.65 0.5 1.56 2.59 1.83
6 5.29 0.5 1.64 3.15 0.56
7 5.36 0.5 1.65 3.21 0.06
a a e
F I P P =
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
E x c e s s R a i nf a l l
R a i nf a l l
0
0 . 5
1
1 . 5
2
2 . 5
T i me ( hour )
R a i nf a l l ( i n)
R a i nf a l l H y e t ogr a phs
Time of Concentration
Different areas of a
watershed contribute to
runoff at different times after
precipitation begins
Time of concentration
Time at which all parts of
the watershed begin
contributing to the runoff
from the basin
Time of flow from the
farthest point in the
watershed
Isochrones: boundaries of
contributing areas with equal time of
flow to the watershed outlet
Stream ordering
Quantitative way of studying
streams. Developed by Horton
and then modified by Strahler.
Each headwater stream is
designated as first order stream
When two first order stream
combine, they produce second
order stream
Only when two streams of the
same order combine, the stream
order increases by one
When a lower order stream
combines with a higher order
stream, the higher order is
retained in the combined stream

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