Stephanuridae

Parasites of kidney and perirenal tissues

Stephanurus dentatus kidney worm

Buccal capsule cupshaped and directed straight forward with 610 triangular teeth at the base of the buccal cavity

Parasites of renal and perirenal tissues (aberrantly, axial musculature and spinal canal) of swine. Earthworms serve as facultative intermediate hosts

LIFE CYCLE Preparasitic development from egg to L3 is typically strongyloid, though earthworms may intervene as transport hosts. There are three modes of infection: by ingestion of the free L3s (A), ingestion of earthworms carrying L3s (B), and skin penetration by L3s (C).

LIFE CYCLE
Ingested larvae exsheath in the intestine (D), enter lymphatic vessels and pass to the mesenteric lymph nodes where the first molt occurs. Molting larvae can be found in the nodes anywhere from 1 to 9 days after infection. They continue on to the liver (E), where the final molt takes place. Following ingestion of infected earthworm transport hosts, L3s are released in the gut as the earthworm is digested. The released L3s migrate to the liver as described above.

INGESTION

LIFE CYCLE

Larvae infecting pigs via skin penetration probably molt to L4s in subcutaneous tissues and reach the liver via the lungs (H) and systemic circulation (I).

SKIN PENETRATION

LIFE CYCLE
In the liver young adults wander in the parenchyma for three months or more before piercing the capsule and migrating through the peritoneal cavity to the perirenal region (F). There they become enclosed in a cyst by host reaction, and complete their development. The cyst communicates with the ureter either directly or, if it is more distant, by a fine connecting canal, allowing the worm eggs to be excreted in the urine via the bladder (J).

SKIN PENETRATION

LIFE CYCLE
Occasionally, abberrant migration occurs with worms ending up in the pancreas (G), muscle, and other organs of the host where they are trapped by encapsulation and never reach the perirenal area.

SKIN PENETRATION

The prepatent period ranges from 6 to 19 months and adult worms have a longevity of about two years .

There are reports in the literature supporting a case for transmission of this nematode to piglets in utero.

Stephanurus dentatus life cycle features

Is direct and a long period of migration occurs, with a prepatent period of at least 6 months. Many tissues may be invaded prior to the adults locating in the renal area.

Stephanurus adults in urethral cyst

Stephanurus liver damage

The predominant ( necrotic abscesses and fibrosis) produced occur in the liver during larval migrations. Other tissues may also be involved.

The infection is a herd problem and the general picture is one of lack of growth and wasting in the pig herd.

Stephanurus salient points

The major problem associated with S. dentatus infections is condemnation at slaughter. Rx Fenbendazole, ivermectin, levamisole(adults only)

At post mortem
Decomposition takes place rapidly in animals that have died from the results of this infection.

Stephanurus dentatus eggs ( 100u x 60u)

Rarely if ever used in diagnosis, they are found in urine

Since patency of S. dentatus does not usually occur until animals are 2 years old a policy of gilts-only breeding in which gilts are bred only once and then sold before kidney worms develop to maturity is advocated.

Family Syngamidae With teeth and the buccal capsule is cup-shaped.

Family Syngamidae Includes the genera: 1 .Syngamus 2. Mammomonogamus 3. Cyathostoma (not Cyathostomum) All 3 have large buccal capsules, and male and females of Syngamus and Mammomonogamus are permanently fused in copula. Earthworm serve as intemediate hosts.

Syngamus trachea gapeworm Hatching may not occur. Infection occurs on ingested of the egg or free infective larvae. The infective larvae may be swallowed by earthworms, snails, slugs, flies and other arthropods and become encysted and live in these IH for several months or years.

Mammomonogamus - are in copulo They are parasites of the trachea and nasal sinuses of mammals

Cyathostoma (not Cyathostomum) - Not permanently in copulo - occurs in the trachea and bronchi and in some cases in the nasal and orbital cavities of geese, ducks, swans and gulls.

Stomach worms
Three species of stomach worms commonly occur in swine: a. Hyostrongylus rubidus: red stomach worm ( a trichostrongyle)

b. Ascarops strongylina: thick stomach worm ( a spirurid)

c. Physocephalus sexalatus: thick stomach worm ( a spirurid

Hyostrongylus rubidus: eggs

Diagnosis of this infection by finding eggs in the feces is difficult since they are similar to Oesophagostomum eggs. Cultures can be made and 3rd stage larva identified. Pathology varies from hyperemia to eroded areas of ulcers. The occurrence of clinical disease due to these infections is questionable

Physocephalus eggs:
Thick-walled, larvated, spiruroid type eggs. ( 22 26u x 41 45 u) Ascarops eggs may be slightly smaller (34 39u x 15 17 u) but are difficult to distinguish from Physocephalus

Thick stomach worms: in mucosa of stomach

Pathology rare, may cause gastritis with pseudomembrane formation

Swine stomach worms: salient points

Life cycle are of trichostrongyle and spiruroid types, worms are common in pastured swine. Rx Hyostrongylus(TBZ, levamisole, dichlorvos); spiruroids (dichlorovos).

Gongylonema egg( 50 70u x 25 37 u)

Thick-walled, larvated egg, spiruroid type egg, larger than stomach worm eggs.

Gongylonema adult in tongue of pig

Non-pathogenic, life cycle of spiruroid type, may also occur in mucosa of the esophagus.

ORDER SPIRURIDA
(characterized by having microfilaria and using arthropods as intermediate hosts)

Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm)

Dirofilalria (adult in blood smear and a nodule in lungs)

Adult Dirofilaria in the heart

Trichinella
Trichinella spiralis (causes trichinosis of humans, rats, pigs and other flesh eating animals)

Trichinella
Trichinella spiralis (causes trichinosis of humans, rats, pigs and other flesh eating animals)

Adult male Trichinella

Trichinella in muscle

Trichinella
Trichinella spiralis (causes trichinosis of humans, rats, pigs and other flesh eating animals)

Trichinella in muscle, juvenile encysted in muscle under compound microscope.

Trichinella
Trichinella spiralis (causes trichinosis of humans, rats, pigs and other flesh eating animals)

Trichinella spiralis

Trichinella
Trichinella spiralis (causes trichinosis of humans, rats, pigs and other flesh eating animals)

Onchocerca volvulus cysts

onchocercoma

X- Section of onchocercoma

X-section of onchocercoma

Brugia (similar to Wuchereria) which causes elephantiasis

Adult female Brugia

Adult male Brugia

Adult Brugia

Placentonema from whale

Macrocanthorynchus hirudinaceus eggs (67 110u x 40 65u) Thick-shelled, dark brown, football-shaped

M. Hirudinaceus nodules on serosal surface of pig small intestines.

They are due to the proboscis attachment. Generally non-pathogenic, may perforate gut

M. Hirudinaceus adults attached to small intestines

They can be differentiated from ascarids by presence of proboscis, and wrinkled sometimes flat appearance

PHYLUM ACANTHOCEPHALA
(spiny headed worm)

Head wd proboscis extended

Close up of acanthocephalan head

Acanthocephala feeding

Nematodes in the esophagus

Gongylonema spp

Lesion: ruminant esophagus

Adult: showing cuticular plaques

Spirocerca lupi eggs

S. lupi adult

Lesions

aorta esophagus

Aorta and esophagus

Associated lesions

Pulmonary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

Stomach, rumen or abomasum

Habronema sp: (Draschia similar)

typical lesion

Physaloptera spp: eggs

Physaloptera spp: adult

head

Male

Physaloptera spp: adult

Male tail

female

Morphology Physaloptera spp: (diagram of head)

Lesion of Physaloptera spp: (stomach of dog)

Ollulanus tricuspis

Adult male

Ollulanus tricuspis

Adult male

Ollulanus tricuspis

Adult male

Ollulanus tricuspis

Adult male

Dioctophymatoidea Dogs and wild carnivores: Dioctophyma renale

Dictyophyme renale adult can measure up to 60 cm in length

Adult worm in situ. Note that the tissue of the kidney has been destroyed.

Egg found in the urine (compare to P. (C.) plica, which is also found in the urine). This egg measures 65 X 42 m.

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