RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

How your cell makes very important proteins

The production (synthesis) of proteins. 3 p ases: !" Transcription #" RNA processin$ 3" Translation DNA RNA Protein

DNA RNA Protein

DNA
Transcription Nuclear mem%rane

Pre&mRNA

Eukaryotic 'ell

RNA Processin$

mRNA Ri%osome
Translation

Protein

(e)ore makin$ proteins* Your cell must )irst make RNA

+uestion, How does RNA -ri%onucleic aci./ differ from DNA -.eo0yri%onucleic aci./?

RNA differs from DNA

1. RNA has a su$ar ri%ose DNA has a su$ar .eo0yri%ose 2. RNA contains uracil -1/ DNA has t ymine -T/ 3. RNA molecule is sin$le&stran.e. DNA is .ou%le&stran.e.

 Then moves alon one of the DNA stran.s and lin!s RNA nucleotides to ether.
DNA
Transcription Nuclear mem%rane

!" Transcription

Eukaryotic 'ell

Pre&mRNA

RNA Processin$

mRNA Ri%osome
Translation

Protein

!" Transcription OR RNA pro.uction

"#$ molecules are produced %y copyin part of &#$ into a complementary se'uence of "#$ This process is started and controlled %y an en(yme called "#$ polymerase.

!" Transcription
DNA RNA Polymerase

pre&mRNA

+uestion,
)hat would %e the complementary RNA strand for the followin DNA se'uence?

DNA 23&4'4TAT4&33

Types o) RNA
T ree types o) RNA: A" messen$er RNA -mRNA/ (" trans)er RNA -tRNA/ '" ri%osome RNA -rRNA/ Remem%er, all pro.uce. in t e nucleus5

mRNA
'arries instructions )rom DNA to t e rest o) t e ri%osome" Tells t e ri%osome w at kin. o) protein to make Acts like an email )rom t e principal to t e ca)eteria la.y"

A" 6essen$er RNA -mRNA/

start co.on mRNA

A 1 4 4 4 ' 1 ' ' A 1 ' 4 4 ' 4 ' A 1 A A

co.on ! co.on #
$lycine

co.on 3
serine

co.on 7
isoleucine

co.on 2
$lycine

co.on 8
alanine

co.on 9
stop co.on

protein met ionine

Primary structure o) a protein

aa! aa# aa3 pepti.e %on.s aa7 aa2 aa8

I) t e cell is a sc ool:

+uic!Tim e, and a T-.. (/ncompressed) decompres sor are needed to see this picture.

The #ucleus is the school office The #ucleolus is the principal*s office The &#$ is the principal "i%osomes are the cafeteria ladies m"#$ is the email from the principal to the cafeteria lady

rRNA
Part o) t e structure o) a ri%osome Helps in protein pro.uction

t"#$
$ o0 etter. 1ets the ri ht parts to ma!e the ri ht protein accordin to m"#$ instructions

(" Trans)er RNA -tRNA/

amino aci. attac ment site

met ionine

amino aci.

1 A '

antico.on

#" RNA Processin$

DNA
Transcription Nuclear mem%rane

Pre&mRNA

Eukaryotic 'ell

RNA Processin$

mRNA Ri%osome
Translation

Protein

#" RNA Processin$

Introns are pulled out and e0ons come to ether. 2nd product is a mature RNA molecule that leaves the nucleus to the cytoplasm" Introns %a.:: E0ons $oo.5

#" RNA Processin$

pre&RNA molecule e0on intro n
intron

e0on

intron

e0on

intron

e0on
splicesome

e0on
splicesome

e0on

e0on

e0on

e0on

6ature RNA molecule

Ri%osomes
;ar$e su%unit

P Site

A Site
mRNA

A 1 4
Small su%unit

' 1 A ' 1 1 ' 4

3" Translation & makin$ proteins

DNA
Transcription

Nuclear mem%rane

Pre&mRNA

Eukaryotic 'ell

RNA Processin$

mRNA Ri%osome
Translation

Protein

3" Translation
Three parts: 1. initiation: start codon ($/1) 2. elon$ation: 3. termination: stop codon (/$1) 3et*s ma!e a PROTEIN5555.

3" Translation
;ar$e su%unit

P Site

A Site
mRNA

A 1 4
Small su%unit

' 1 A ' 1 1 ' 4

Initiation
aa! aa#

!&tRNA antico.on
y.ro$en %on.s

#&tRNA

1 A ' A 1 4 co.on

4 A 1 ' 1 A ' 1 1 ' 4 A

mRNA

Elon$ation
aa!

pepti.e %on. aa3 aa#

3&tRNA !&tRNA antico.on

y.ro$en %on.s

#&tRNA

4 A A

1 A ' A 1 4 co.on

4 A 1 ' 1 A ' 1 1 ' 4 A

mRNA

aa!

pepti.e %on. aa#

aa3

!&tRNA

1 A '
-leaves/ #&tRNA

3&tRNA

4 A A

A 1 4

4 A 1 ' 1 A ' 1 1 ' 4 A

mRNA

Ri%osomes move over one co.on

aa!

pepti.e %on.s

aa7

aa#

aa3

7&tRNA #&tRNA 3&tRNA

4 ' 1

A 1 4

4 A 1 4 A A ' 1 A ' 1 1 ' 4 A A ' 1

mRNA

aa!

pepti.e %on.s aa# aa3 aa7

#&tRNA

4 A 1
-leaves/ 3&tRNA

7&tRNA

4 ' 1

A 1 4

4 A A ' 1 A ' 1 1 ' 4 A A ' 1

mRNA

Ri%osomes move over one co.on

aa!

pepti.e %on.s aa# aa3 aa7

aa2

2&tRNA

1 4 A
3&tRNA 7&tRNA

4 A A 4 ' 1 4 ' 1 A ' 1 1 ' 4 A A ' 1

mRNA

aa! aa#

pepti.e %on.s aa3

aa2

aa7

2&tRNA 3&tRNA

1 4 A
7&tRNA

4 A A

4 ' 1 4 ' 1 A ' 1 1 ' 4 A A ' 1

mRNA

Ri%osomes move over one co.on

aa7

aa2
aa!== aa#<<

Termination

aa3 primary structure aa# o) a protein aa!

#<<&tRNA

terminator or stop co.on

A ' 1
mRNA

' A 1 4 1 1 1 A 4

En. Pro.uct
The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure o) a protein. $ se'uence of amino aci. %onded to ether %y pepti.e %on.s.
aa# aa! aa3 aa7 aa2
aa!== aa#<<

+uestion,
T e antico.on 1A' %elon$s to a tRNA t at reco$ni>es an. %in.s to a particular amino aci." ? at woul. %e t e DNA %ase co.e )or t is amino aci.@

Answer,
tRNA mRNA DNA & 1A' -antico.on/ & A14 -co.on/ & TA'