INDRA SANJAYA

TOP TENS GOLD PRODUCERS (2007)

Source: USGS 2007 Mineral Year Book
400 350 300 Gold Production (Tonnes) 250 200 150 100 50 China 2007 Gold (Tonnes) 276 South Africa 272 United States 255 Australia 251 Indonesia 171 Peru 167 Russia 153 Canada 93 PNG 67 Ghana 63

Total: 1,768 tonnes

255 251 171

276

272

167

153 93 67 63

TOP TENS GOLD PRODUCERS (2010)

Source: Gold Mining Journal 2011
400 350 300 Gold Production (Tonnes) 250 200 150 100 50 China 2010 Gold (Tonnes) 341 Australia 266 United States 240 South Africa 190 Russia 190 Peru 170 Indonesia 120 Ghana 100 Canada 90 Uzbekistan 90

341 266 240 190 190 170 120

Total: 1,797 tonnes

100

90

90

GOLD PRODUCTION BY DEPOSIT TYPE

(Frimmel, 2008)

GOLD OVERVIEW

GOLD OVERVIEW

GOLD BEARING MINERALS

KETERDAPATAN ENDAPAN EMAS

High, intermediate and lowsulphidation epithermal AuAg Porphyry & Skarn deposits Intrusionrelated base metalAu Intrusionrelated Au Carlin-type sediment hosted Au deposit Orogenic Deposits Placer

SISTEM HIDROTERMAL MAGMATIK

Corbett and Leach,1998)

lithosphere-scale environments for the formation of the principal gold deposit types ( Groves et al., 2005).

DEPOSIT MODEL (Corbett, 2005)

(Van Leuween, 2011)

Epthermal high sulphidation

Karakteristik
Mineralogi berupa enargit, pirit, kovelit, emas

murni, elektrum logam dasar sulfida, garam sulfat, dan telurid, Logam yang dihasilkan berupa emas, perak dan tembaga, Temperatur 200-300C, Salinitas 1-6 wt. % NaCl eg., Didominasi oleh air magmatik. Kelompok argilik lanjut dicirikan oleh hadirnya mineral alunit, kaolinit, pirofilit, belereng murni, diaspor, kuarsa, zunyit, dan barit (Sillitoe dan Bonham, 1990).
Corbett and Leach,1998)

HS EPITHERMAL Au Ag (Motomboto)

Motomboto can be classified as a structurally controlled system. Alteration and mineralization are apparently controlled by rift faults parallel to the Neogene arc (Kavalieris et al., 1992)

HS EPITHERMAL Au Ag (Cabang Kiri)

Cabang Kiri can be classified as a porphyry related system. It shows progressive cooling and decrease in fluid pH away from the porphyry intrusion (Perello, 1994)

HS EPITHERMAL Au Ag (BinabaseBawone)

BinabaseBawone display aspects of both lithological and structural control (van Leuween, 2011)

HS EPITHERMAL Au Ag (BinabaseBawone)

Epthermal intermediate sulphidation

Karakteristik
Mineralization styles stockwork, disseminated, vein

and brecciahostedgold mineralization colloform banded quartz + adularia + carbonate Mineralogy chalcopyrite-covellitegalena sphalerite and tetrahedrite-tennantitemolybdenite (Einaudi et al., 2003) Relationship with andesite to rhyodacite rocks

Epthermal intermediate sulphidation

Karakteristik
Mineralization styles stockwork, disseminated, vein

and brecciahostedgold mineralization colloform banded quartz + adularia + carbonate Mineralogy chalcopyrite-covellitegalena sphalerite and tetrahedrite-tennantitemolybdenite (Einaudi et al., 2003) Relationship with andesite to rhyodacite rocks

IS EPITHERMAL Au Ag (Doup)

A resource of about 12 Mt @ 2.09 g/t Au and 4.4 g/t Ag. The mineralization forms a pipelike body that extends to a depth of at least 200m, and is 100 by 200m in diameter elongated in a NWSE direction

Epthermal low sulphidation

Karakteristik
Batuan induk terdiri dari andesit kalk-alkali, dasit,

riodasit atau riolit, Mineralogi berupa pirit, emas, hematit, tennantit, molibdenum, dan tungsten, Alterasi yang terjadi yaitu kuarsa-adularia, karbonat, dan serisit, Salinitas rendah (0-5 % NaCl), Asal larutan dari air meteorik dan air magmatik.

Vein distribution: eg. Kapitu prospect

Grade of Kapitu vein:

5.5m @ 4.4 g/t Au 1m @ 7.87 g/t Au 6m @ 8.77 g/t Au 1m @ 40.3 g/t Au 2m @ 5.59 Au g/t 1m @ 8.26 g/t Au

Low-sulphidation epithermal Au veins

Kapitu veins

Bonanza zone

Bonanza zone

Vein textures

B. CU-AU PORPHYRY DEPOSITS

SAN MANUEL FAULT

KALAMAZOO SEGMENT

SAN MANUEL SEGMENT ? ? Propylitic (Chl-Ep-Carb) Adul-Ab ? ? Phyllic Qtz-Ser-Py

PERIPHERAL
Ccp-Gn-Sp-Au-Ag

PERIPHERAL
Ccp-Gn-Sp-Au-Ag

Argillic Qtz-KlnChl

Potassic Qtz-Kfs-Bt+Ser+Anh

LOW PYRITE SHELL

Py ~2%

ORE SHELL
Py 1% Ccp 1-3% Mo 0.03%

Py ~10% Ccp 0.1-3% Mo rare

PYRITE SHELL

LOW GRADE CORE low total Ccp-Py-Mo

? Chl-SerEp-Mag

Qtz-SerChl-Kfs

Mag>Py

Mag>Py & Ccp

Cu-(Au) porphyry vein-veinlet system

a) Collahuasi/Chile b) Grasberg/Irian Jaya

Buladigun Cu-Au porphyry, North Sulawesi

Alteration styles

Carlin-type sediment hosted Au deposit

Karakteristik 1. Batuan pembawa berupa sedimen karbonat 2. Kandungan Au/Ag relatif tinggi 3. Pengkayaan unsur As, Sb, Hg yang tinggi 4. Invisible atau nosseum gold 5. Kandungan logam dasar yang rendah, dan kehadiran urat kuarsa dalam jumlah minimal 6. Batuan karbonat sebagai batuan pembawa mengandung karbon sebanyak 0.5 % berat.

Sumber: (Bagby & Berger, 1986); Ferdock (2002)

Carlin-style sediment hosted Au deposit

Mesel, Ratatotok (North Sulawesi)

(Hendri & Farmer, 1997)

Carlin-style sediment hosted Au deposit

Fresh limestone

Silicified limestone

Realgar, cinnabar (late stage)

Argillic alteration

Yance-Leon Prospect, Mesel, Ratatotok (North Sulawesi)

Intrusion Related Au

Conceptual model for mineralization types in The Western Sulawesi Province (van Leuween, 2011)

Characteristics

Orogenic belts, (collisional to postcollisonal) convergent plate margin settings, extensional back-arc environments. Presence of weakly reduced to moderately oxidised, intermediate to felsic magmatism. Gold Bi, As, W, Mo, Sb, Te occurs in: single, planar, sheeted and stockwork quartz veins Base metal contents are highly variable from almost absent to assemblages of Cu-Zn-PbAs. Bi minerals may be well developed. Alteration is variable in both style and intensity.

1. The gold is associated with sulphurpoor, sodicrich fluids. 2. Albitepyritesilicacarbonate alteration associated with deformation and metamorphism in the older basement lithologies 3. Mineralization is typically hosted within a flysch sequence 4. Gold is usually associated with abundant quartz veining and silicaalbitepyrite alteration (Gustavson, 2007)

Querubin & Walters, 2011

(Wajdi dkk, 2011)

(Wajdi dkk, 2011)

(Wajdi dkk, 2011)

ENDAPAN Au MESOTERMAL

Endapan mesotermal merupakan salah satu tipe endapan hidrotermal yang terbentuk pada lingkungan batuan metamorfik,

Karakteristik endapan mesotermal:

Urat emaskuarsa yang terdapat di sekitar batuan

metamorfik

Ekstraksi Au dari batuan samping melalui air kristal

(H2O) dan CO2, oleh perubahan metamorfik antara fasies sekis hijau ke amfibolit pada T sekitar 400600C

Contohnya: greenstone belts Homstake mine/SDakota, USA

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

DASAR TEORI

Tatanan tektonik pembentukan endapan orogenik yang berada pada batas kontinen, zona akresi atau kolisi (Groves et al, 1998).

CASE: BOMBANA

MINERALISASI

Mineralisasi : cinnabar (HgS) stibnit (Sb2S3). pirit (FeS2) kalkopirit (CuFeS2) Goetit (FeO(OH))

CASE: BOMBANA

ALTERASI HIDROTERMAL
Argilitisasi

Urat kuarsa

Silisifikasi

Argilitisasi

karbonat

klorit

Klorit-karbonat

Karbonisasi.

CASE: BOMBANA

SIFAT FISIK-KIMIA FLUIDA ENDAPAN

CO2-rich fluid

CASE: BOMBANA

Perkiraan zona keberadaan endapan emas orogenik yang ada di Bombana pada model endapan orogenik (modifikasi dari GebreMariam et al., 1995).

Zona keberadaan endapan emas orogenik bombana dengan beberapa endapan orogenik yang terdapat di Western Australia berdasarkan korelasi nilai temperature pembentukan (modifikasi dari Goldfarb, 2005)

D. ENDAPAN EMAS PLACER

South African fossil placers (gold-bearing conglomerates)

2.

Perak (Ag)

Ditemukan dalam bentuk - Native silver (sebagian besar) - Ag-sulphides.

Native silver di temukan dalam 2 bentuk utama: (1) Zona teroksidasi dari suatu endapan bijih. (2) Endapan larutan hidrotermal (primer). Ag-sulphides, mineral utamanya: Acanthit (Ag2S) dan aguilarit (Ag4SSe) pada endapan hidrotermal (low sulphidation epitermal) serta argentit (Ag2S) pada temperatur lebih tinggi. Ag-sulphides sering bersama-sama ruby silvers seperti pyrargyrit (Ag3SbS3) dan proustit (Ag3AsS3). Juga sebagai inklusi dalam galena argentiferous galena.

Mineragrafi bijih perak dari endapan epitermal Pongkor, Indonesia

Acanthit (Ag2S) sebagai mineral perak minor berasosiasi dengan emas pada endapan sulfida rendah Pongkor, Jawa Barat (Warmada, 2003).
Notes: Gn = galena, Po = Pyrrhotit, Sp = Sphalerit, Uy = Uytenbogaardtit (Ag3AuS2), Mck = Mckinstryit (Ag,Cu)2S, Smy = stromeyerit (AgCuS) and El = Au-Ag alloy ((Au,Ag).

Analisis kimia mineral dari sulfida perak dari Pongkor, Indonesia

MAGMATIC

MAGMATIC-METEORIC

METEORIC

1 1

2 2 3 3 4 4 km km

4 km

4 km

Textures: restricted

Textures: diverse, modest INTERMEDIATE SULFIDATION

Textures: diverse, spectacular

HIGH SULFIDATION

LOW SULFIDATION

Au-Ag-Cu

Au-Ag, As, Cu, Sb, Bi

Au-Ag

Stockwork, Golden Cross

Vein, La Guitarra

Vein, Hishikari

Vein, Golden Cross

FORM

Chinkuashih
Akeshi

La Coipa
Sulfide vein, El Indio

FORM

Characteristic Textures
Neutral-pH, meteoric Low-Sulfidation
banded veins breccia veins drusy cavities crustification lattice texture

Acid-pH, magmatic High-Sulfidation

vuggy quartz massive quartz massive sulfide veins crudely banded veins

White and Hedenquist, 1995

La Guitarra

Golden Cross

TEXTURES

Dealul Crucii, Baia Mare

Aginsky