Local Area Network Basics

Chapter 4

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Chapter Objectives

Describe Ethernet standard Explain Ethernet Understand the concept of CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA protocols Explain different types of Ethernet Understand about repeaters, bridges and hubs used to extend computer networks

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Recall

Types of copper wire cables are:

Coaxial cables (Also known as Coax) Twisted pair Cables (TP)

Shielded Twisted pair (STP) Unshielded Twisted pair (UTP)

Wireless transmission media are:

Radio Waves Microwave Infrared

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IEEE Standards

An association that promotes engineering and electronic improvement IEEE 802 was started in February 1980 IEEE 802 committee defines frames, speed, distances and types of cabling to use for networking

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Protocols and Procedures

Protocols are set of rules which are used by the nodes on a network to communicate with each other Protocols are developed by committees, different companies developed products confirming to those protocols
Standard Protocols

Ethernet

Token Ring

ARCnet

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LAN Architecture - I

802.3 Defines a standard for physical layer and data link layer of the Ethernet architecture that uses wired connection Ethernet is an architecture that mainly uses bus topology Defines various cabling used for different types of topologies

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LAN Architecture - II

802.4

Defines a standard for Token Bus architecture Token bus is similar to token ring, but it uses coaxial cables

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LAN Architecture - III

802.5

Defines a standard for Token ring architecture Uses the 10 Base T cabling standard Uses twisted pair cabling to connect devices instead of coaxial cable Passes data from one computer to another like in a token bus network

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IEEE 802.3 Logical relationship with OSI Reference Model

IEEE 802.3 physical layer corresponds to the OSI physical layer OSI data link layer is divided into two IEEE 802 sublayers The Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer The MAC-client sublayer

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Ethernet

Defined by IEEE as the 802.3 standard Most widely adapted LAN technology Supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps

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Introduction to Ethernet

Three data rates currently defined for the operation over optical fiber and twisted-pair cables

10 Mbps 10Base-T Ethernet 100 Mbps - Fast Ethernet 1000 Mbps - Gigabit Ethernet

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Working of Ethernet

Ethernet frame is used to transfer data over a network Each device in an Ethernet network is uniquely identified by a 48 bit (6 bytes) address called Ethernet address Ethernet addresses are represented as six pairs of hexadecimal digits separated by a colon.

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Elements of Ethernet System

Elements of Ethernet System

Medium

Set of Medium Access Control Rules

Ethernet frame

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Ethernet Medium

Transmits information over the network Computer D transmits information for Printer C Computer B and A also receives the information All device inspects the destination address If the received frame is not meant for them, they will reject the frame

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Data Transmission

When a computer wants to transmit, it listens to the cable (transmission medium) If two or more devices simultaneously transmit data on an idle cable, collision may occur

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Example of Collision

Each device decides to broadcast an Ethernet frame to other device Devices listens to the Ethernet medium and detects that no carrier is present Devices transmit simultaneously, causing a collision
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Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

Permits one device to access to the network media at a time to avoid collision Networks using CSMA/CD technology such as Ethernet, network devices compete for the network media

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Working of CSMA/CD

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Carrier Sensing Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)

Set of rules that can avoid collisions, unlike CSMA/CD that handles network transmissions once collisions are detected In CSMA/CA, all devices are forced to wait for a random number of time slots and sense the medium again If the medium is sensed to be busy, the device stops the timer until it becomes free again.

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Types of Ethernet

Cabling Standards

10Base5

10Base2

10Base-T

10Base-F

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10Base-5

Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thicknet 10Base5 refers to specifications of thick coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals The 5 refers to the maximum segment length being 500 meters RG-8 coaxial cable is used A 15-pin female DB connector called AUI connector is used to connect the device

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10Base-2

10Base-2 (thin coaxial cable) is also referred to as thinnet In 10Base-2, 2 refers to approximate maximum segment length of the cable which is 185 meters 10Base2 uses RG-58 coaxial cable with BNC connectors

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10Base-T

Allows stations to be attached via twisted pair cable 10 refers to the transmission speed of 10 Mbps T refers to twisted pair cable In a 10BaseT network, each computer (node) is connected to a hub

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10 Base-F

Uses fiber optics Possesses excellent noise immunity and is the method of choice when running between buildings or widely separated hubs 10 Base-F is expensive as the connectors and terminators used in 10 Base-F are costly

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Comparing Ethernet Types

Ethernet types 10Base5 10Base2 10BaseT 10BaseF Media Type Thick coaxial (RG8) Thin coaxial (RG58) UTP Fiber-optic

Max.segment (meters)

length

500

185

100

1000

Frequency(MHZ)

10

10

10

10

Max Nodes/Segment

100

30

1024

1024k

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Extending the network

A computer network can be extended using repeaters, hubs and bridges In computer networks, a bridge is an Internetworking device Repeater regenerates signal Repeaters remove the unwanted noise in an incoming signal A hub is a multi port repeater which provides a common point for the connection of network devices

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Summary - I

Ethernet is a local-area network (LAN) structural design developed by DEC, Intel and Xerox Corporation. Ethernet is a very common and widely used method of networking computers in a LAN environment. All nodes on an Ethernet network are either Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) or Data Communications Equipment (DCE).

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Summary - II

Protocols are set of rules that the nodes on a network use to communicate with each other Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a network control protocol which uses a carrier sensing system Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is a set of rules used to avoid collisions. 10 Base-2, 10 Base-5, 10 Base-T, and 10 Base-F are different types of cabling for Ethernet

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Summary - III

A repeater is a device that is used on a link to regenerate the signal to extend the physical length of a network. Bridges are usually used to divide a busy network into separate segments and to connect multiple LANs. Hub is a Repeater with multiple ports and operates at the physical layer.

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