4.

BRACING SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 Longitudinal bracing system

4.1.1. Dimension Normally consist of trusses placed in the planes of top chords and bottom chords. Because the truss plane distance is much bigger than the distance betweem cross beam, to ensure the stability of structure and lateral DIMENSIONS OF LONGITUDINAL BRACING SYSTEM resistance to wind, we use bracing type we I Type X with verticals. As experience, choose:
Numbers Height Thickness of web Flange width Flange thickness Area of c-s 38 units m m m m m2 m3 kN/m 0.55 0.03 0.4 0.035 0.0424 0.002135913 3.3284

Inertia moment
Dead load of 1 bar

4.2 Lateral forces in bracing member following strength limit state II

4.2.1 Design wind velocity (TCN 3.8.1.1)
V = VB.S =38x1.09 = 41.42 m/s. VB : basic 3 second gust wind velocity with 100 year return period approximate to the wind zone in which structure located. Assume that structure locates in wind zone I.

VB = 38 m/s.
S : correction factor for upwind terrain and deck height. Assume that the height of bridge deck above water level is H = 10 m. Then, S = 1.09.

4.2.2 Wind load on structure: WS (TCN 3.8.1.2)

PD = 0.0006V2AtCd 1.8At (kN) V : design wind velocity At : area of structure or elements for calculation of traverse wind load (m2) Cd : drag coefficient.

Lateral forces in bracing member following strength limit state II

4.2.3 For main truss
Cdi : drag coefficient of the ith member, for angular steel Ai : wind area of the ith member. A : area that limited by boundary lines of main truss

Resultant table:
Hip vertical Diagonal Chord End post 9 8 18 2

Member

No.

Ai (m2)

Cdi

A (m2)

Cd

0.4x10=4 0.4x12.8=5.12 0.5x10=5 0.5x12.8=6.4

1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 720 0.29

For the second main truss: Cd2 = .Cd1 Cd1 : drag coefficient for first main truss. : adjustment factor

Lateral forces in bracing member following strength limit state II

Wind load on bridge
Member
Main truss Floor beam Railing

At (m2)
720 56 16 Sum

Cd = Cd1 + Cd2
0.566 1.52 1.52

PDtc (kN)
419.49 87.62 25.03 532.14

1.8At
1296 100.8 28.8 1425.6

4.2.4 Wind load on vehicle: WL (TCN 3.8.1.3)

When considering strength limit state III, the design wind load shall be applied to both structure and vehicle. Transverse wind load on vehicles shall be presented by a line of 1.5 kN/m acting horizontally, transverse to horizontal centerline of the structure at 1800 mm above the roadway

Lateral forces in bracing member following strength limit state II

Wind load distribution

qWS = 0.6* 1566/80 = 11.745 kN/m qWL = 0.6* 1.5 = 0.9 kN/m

4.3 Internal forces in bracing member following strength limit state II

As requirement, we only consider the strength limit state II DC=DW=0 (in horizontal direction)

WS can be determined by placing load on influence line.

Internal forces in bracing member following strength limit state II

Load combination following strength limit state II
Top element 4'5 Bottom element 56' A(+) (m2) 10.38 8.07 A(-) (m2) -5.84 -12.6 qw (kN/m) 11.745 11.745 WS (kN) 53.3223 -53.205 0.95 0.95 N (kN) 70.9187 -70.762

Member (45) shall be checked as tensile member and member (56) shall be checked as compressive member.

4.4 Check tensile member

4.4.1 Tensile resistance
The factored tensile resistance shall be taken as the lesser of two values below: Pr = yPny = yFyAg Pr = uPnu = uFuAnU Where : Pny = tensile resistance for yielding gross section (N) Ag = gross cross sectional area of member (mm2) Pnu = nominal tensile resistance for fracture in net section (N) Fu = tensile strength. Fu = 450 N/mm2. y : resistance factor for yielding of tension member as specified in TCN 6.5.4.2. u : resistance factor for fracture of tension member as specified in TCN 6.5.4.2

Check tensile member

An : net area of section. An= Ag tf.(d+2).n, where : n is the number of row of bolt and d is the nominal diameter of bolt. d = 20 mm. U : reduction factor, to account for shear lag specified in TCN 6.8.2.2, U = 0.85 + Pr is calculated as in table below :
No. 45 F.S Tension Fy MPa 345 Ag mm2 9088 Pny kN 3135 Fu MPa 450 n 3 An mm2 0.00557 *10^6 Pnu kN 3311 Pr kN 3605

Check members tensile resistance

No. F.S Pu ( kN ) 71 Pr ( kN ) 3099 Check

Tension

OK

Check tensile member

Checking the results
No. F.S Pu kN Pr kN Pu/Pr (Mux/Mrx) Formula Left side Right side Check

53.8

2649

0.02

0.071

(1)

0.081

OK

4.5 Check compressive member

4.5.1 Compressive resistance Pr = cPn : (TCN 6.9.4.1)
Member Force subjected K L m rs mm Fy N/mm2 E N/mm2 Ag mm2 Pn kN

Where:
2

K : effective length factor, taken as in TCN 4.6.2.5, K = 0.75 147 C 0.75 16.91 345 2x105 3.15 L : unbraced length of the column rs : radius of gyration of steel section in plane bending. Fy : yield strength of steel. Fy = 345 MPa E : Youngs modulus of steel. E = 200000Mpa Ag : gross cross sectional area

9088

443

The results are shown in the table below :

Check compressive member

The factored compressive resistance : Pr = cPn, where c = 1 (TCN 6.5.4.2)
Member Force subjected Compression Pn kN 443 c Pr (kN ) 443 Pu (kN ) 70.9 Check 2
1

OK

4.5.2 Check following combined compress sion and flexure conditions ( TCN 6.9.2.2)

Check compressive member

Check for vertical plates:
Membe r F.S b t mm mm k E MPa Fy Mpa b/t

k E / Fy
13.48

Check

Compression 150

12

0.56 200000

345

12.5

OK

Check for the horizontal plates:

Member F.S D t mm mm k E MPa Fy Mpa D/t

k E / Fy

Check

Compression

340

12

1.49 200000

345

12.5

35.87

OK