MATERIALS SCIENCE

INTRODUCTION

Materials: Science; Engineering; Structures

Strictly speaking, materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structureproperty correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components.

Difference between materials engineering and materials science

Materials: property
All materials are exposed to external stimuli that induce some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation, or A polished metal surface will reflect light. A property is a material characteristic in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.

Definition of material property and how to relate to the stimuli and material response

Important properties of solid materials

1. Mechanical: Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force. 2. Electrical: such as electrical conductivity, the stimulus is an electric field. 3. Thermal :can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity, the stimulus is temperature. 4. Magnetic: demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. 5. Optical: the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. 6. Deterioration: relate to the chemical reactivity of materials.
List six different property classifications of materials that determine their applicability. Figure out the stimuli for each property.

Deterioration

Processing and Performance of Materials

The four components of the discipline of materials science and engineering and their interrelationship.

Processing and Performance of Materials

A photograph showing three thin disk specimens placed over some printed matter. It is obvious that the optical properties (i.e., the light transmittance) of each of the three materials are different.

Transparent

Translucent

Opaque

Processing and Performance of Materials

History of Laptops History of Tennis Rackets

Components that are involved in the design, production, and utilization of materials The interrelationships between these components.

WHY STUDY MAT SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?

It is very important that every engineer must study and understand the concepts of Materials Science and Engineering. This enables the engineer To select a material for a given use based on considerations of cost and performance. To understand the limits of materials and the change of their properties with use (degradation of properties). To be able to create a new material that will have some desirable properties. To be able to use the material for different application. Roles of materials science and engineering in development of nations .

Criterion for Materials selection

There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be characterized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties but is prohibitively expensive.

Criteria that are important in the materials selection process.

Light and Strong Materials: Car body

Combustion Engine
Light, strong, Stiff Resisting high temperature Excellent in resisting the deterioration

Material Classification
Based upon material composition and distinguishable properties Metals: Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts. Ceramics: Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. Polymers: Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Composites: A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come from the categories discussed aboveviz., metals, ceramics, and polymers.

ADVANCED MATERIALS
Advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced, and, also newly developed, high-performance materials. Advanced materials outperform conventional materials with superior and novel properties. They can have novel properties including the ability to memorize shape or sense changes in the environment and respond. The development of advanced materials can even lead to the design of completely new products, including medical implants and computer, pipeline, cars, aero planes.

ADVANCED MATERIALS
Semiconductors: Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors (viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators (viz. ceramics and polymers

Note the two types of advanced materials and, for each, its distinctive feature(s).

ADVANCED MATERIALS
Biomaterials: Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts. These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions).

Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a synthetic bone graft material

Note the two types of advanced materials and, for each, its distinctive feature(s).

Materials of the Future

Smart Materials: Smart (or intelligent) materials are a group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being developed that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies. The adjective smart implies that these materials are able to sense changes in their environments and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners. In addition, this smart concept is being extended to rather sophisticated systems that consist of both smart and traditional materials.
Definition of smart material/system

Shape Memory Alloy

Nano-engineered Materials
Nanotechnology is an exciting area of scientific development which promises more for less. It offers ways to create smaller, cheaper, lighter and faster devices that can do more and cleverer things, use less raw materials and consume less energy.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Stiffness

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
STRENGTH

HOW TO CONDUCT A RESEARCH

www.qu.edu.qa http://www.qu.edu.qa/library/e_resources/in dex.php http://0www.sciencedirect.com.mylibrary.qu.edu.qa/

How Has Material Science Changed Our World Today

Advanced in materials that enable the car to change its appearance in various

3/3/2014

23

Materials that enable the AEROPLANE to change its appearance in various

3/3/2014

24

NASA telescope

3/3/2014

25

materials that enable the elevator to change its appearance in various

3/3/2014

26

Samsung shows off 'unbreakable' phone which rolls up like paper

3/3/2014

27