Waves Topic 4

Chapters 26 Reflection & Refraction

Reflection

Law of Reflection
The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection

The incident and reflected rays lie in the same plane with the normal.

Image position
You

think in straight lines! image is located behind the mirror.

The

Diffuse vs Specular Reflection

Diffuse Reflection
Light incident upon a rough surface Law of reflection still holds; Normals are not parallel.

Specular Reflection
Mirror like reflection All Normals are parallel

Refraction

Sudden change in direction of a wave as it changes speed.

It must enter obliquely to change direction!

Which direction does it bend as it slows?

Refraction

In both cases the speed of the wave has decreased. This is indicated by the decrease in wavelength!

Refraction
In

which medium does light travel faster? (glass rod appears bent)

Speed of light

v is the speed of light in the new medium. c= 3.0 x 108 m/s As the index increases the speed decrease.

n is the absolute index

of refraction. This is a measure of optical density. n is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a new medium.

Draw a graph for index vs. speed.

Relative Index of Refraction

n is the relative index of refraction. If air is not used, then remember nrel = n2/n1 What is the relative index when going from diamond into lucite?

If nrel < 1 ; speeds up If nrel > 1 ; slows down

Refraction
n(water)=1.33; n(glass)=1.50; n(air)=1.00 Calculate the speed of light in water and glass.

Vw = 2.26 x 108m/s Vg = 2.00 x 108m/s

Refraction
n1- from
n2 - into

When a wave slows down it bends closer to the normal. {less to more toward} n2>n1 When a wave speed up it bends away from the normal. {BLA Big Little Away} n2<n1

Refraction

If light rays bend closer to the normal when slowing down, why does the glass rod seem to bend away form the normal?

Apparent Depth

Diverging rays enter your eyes. You think in Straight Lines. A virtual image appears to come from point y

R Real Depth
A Apparent Depth

Apparent Depth

If

the chest is 20 m below the surface at what depth will the image appear? Assume nsea water = 1.34

Snells Law

n1sin1 = n2sin 2 v1/v2 = 1 / 2

Example
A monochromatic light ray f= 5.09 x 1014 Hz is incident on medium X at 55. The absolute index of refraction for material X is 1.66
1. 2. 3.

What is material X? Determine the angle of refraction. Determine the speed of light in medium X.

Ex: Solution
The index of 1.66 is Flint Glass To find the angle of refraction use Snells Law. 2= 30 To find the speed use n=c/v. v = 1.8 x 108 m/s

Dispersion
The

breaking up of white light into its component frequencies.

Refractive & Frequency

The refractive index depends on the medium & the frequency of light. Each frequency color propagates at a different speed and bends a different amount.

Critical Angles
Def:

The angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90 degrees. exist when you have the BLAs
Big to Little Away

Only

When

a light ray exceeds the critical angle it undergoes total internal reflection (TIR)

Snells Law Lab

What

factors effect the index of refraction of a liquid? Write up a planning A and B for this question. (Last IB Assessment) Research any procedures you might want to use when investigating.
I may modify your methods based on materials we have available.