Energy and Matter

Unit 2
www.unit5.org/chemistry

Guiding Questions
Why do substances boil or freeze at different temperatures?

Why do we put salt on the roads in the winter?

Why does sweating cool us?

What is energy?
How do we measure energy?

Table of Contents
Matter and Energy

(13) (14) (11) (6) (4) (3) (11) (15) (3) (13) (6) (10)

Introduction - Bonding Temperature vs. Heat Density Carbon Dioxide & Monoxide Archimedes Principle Galilean Thermometer Golf Ball Lab Solid, Liquid, and Gas Heating Curve Classification of Matter Crystalline Structure Allotropes

(9) (4) (11)

(2)
(3) (5) (6) (11)

(29)
(12)

Alloys Separation Techniques Distillation Centrifugation Electrolysis Properties of Matter Energy Exothermic vs. Endothermic Calorimetry Nuclear Energy

Lecture Outline Energy and Matter

Lecture Outline Energy and Matter student notes outline textbook questions

Lecture Outline Energy and Matter textbook questions

Keys text
http://www.unit5.org/chemistry/Matter.html

Chemistry of Matches
P4S3 + KClO3
tetraphosphorus trisulfide potassium chlorate D

P2O5
diphosphorus pentaoxide

KCl
potassium chloride

SO2
sulfur dioxide

Strike anywhere matches

The substances P4S3 and KClO3 are both present on the tip of a strike anywhere match. When the match is struck on a rough surface, the two chemicals (reactants) ignite and produce a flame.

Safety matches
The substances P4S3 and KClO3 are separated. The P4S3 is on the matchbox cover. Only when the chemicals combine do they react and produce a flame.

The products from this reaction are P2O5, KCl, and SO2,the last of which is responsible for the characteristic sulfur smell.
Charles H.Corwin, Introductory Chemistry 2005, page 182

block of wood: length = 2.0 m block of wood: force = 45 N

width = 0.9 m

height = 0.5 m

2.205 pounds = 1 kilogram 10 Newton (9.8 N)

Force versus Pressure

block of wood: length = 2.0 m
Area = 0.9 m x 2.0 m = 1.8 m2

width = 0.9 m

height = 0.5 m
Area = 0.5 m x 0.9 m = 0.45 m2

Area = 0.5 m x 2.0 m = 1.0 m2

25 N/m2

45 N/m2

100 N/m2

Pressure
Pressure 45.0 N 1.8 m2 Pressure

force area

45.0 N 1.00 m2 Pressure 45.0 N 0.45 m2

Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Schrader, Kulka, Chemistry, Heath Publishing,1996, page Section 6.1

Pressure

force pressure area

Which shoes create the most pressure?

During a physical change a substance changes some physical property

H2O

but it is still the same material with the same chemical composition.
gas H2O solid

liquid

Chemical Property:
The tendency of a substance to change into another substance.
Steel rusting:
caused by iron (Fe) reacting with oxygen (O2) to produce rust (Fe2O3)

4 Fe + 3 O2

2 Fe2O3

Chemical Change:
Any change involving a rearrangement of atoms.

Chemical Reaction: The process of a chemical change...

During a chemical reaction new materials are formed by a change in the way atoms are bonded together.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Examples of Physical Properties Boiling point Melting point Shininess (luster) Volatility Color Taste Softness Hardness Slipperiness Odor Ductility Malleability Electrical conductivity Dissolves in water Viscosity (resistance to flow) Density (mass / volume ratio)

Examples of Chemical Properties Burns in air Explodes Tarnishes Reacts with certain acids Reacts with certain metals Reacts with water Decomposes when heated Reacts with certain nonmetals Is toxic

Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry 1999, page 23

Chemical properties can ONLY be observed during a chemical reaction!

The formation of a compound

The formation of a mixture

Physical & Chemical Changes

CO2

crushing

heating
Pyrex

PHYSICAL CHANGE Limestone, CaCO3 Crushed limestone, CaCO3

CHEMICAL CHANGE

CaO

Lime and carbon dioxide, CaO + CO2

Sunlight energy

O2

Pyrex

Pyrex

H2O2

H2O

Light hastens the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. The dark bottle in which hydrogen peroxide is usually stored keeps out the light, thus protecting the H2O2 from decomposition.

Three Possible Types of Bonds

Covalent
e.g. H2

d+

d-

Polar Covalent
e.g. HCl

Ionic
e.g. NaCl

Metallic Bonding
Cations e1+ e1+ e1-

+
e1+ +

e1+

e1-

electron sea + + e1e1+

e1e1+ e1+

+
e1-

e1+

e1+ Free electrons

e1-

e1-

Metallic bonding is the attraction between positive ions and surrounding freely mobile electrons. Most metals contribute more than one mobile electron per atom.
Bailar, Jr, Moeller, Kleinberg, Guss, Castellion, Metz, Chemistry, 1984, page 245

Shattering an Ionic Crystal; Bending a Metal

broken crystal

An ionic crystal

Force

- + - +

+ + -

+ +

+ + -

+ +

+ + -

+ +

+ + -

+ +

- + - + - + -

+ +

+ + -

+ +

+ + -

+ +

+ + -

+ - + +

Electrostatic forces of repulsion

A metal Force

+ + + + + + + +

+ + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + + + +

No electrostatic forces of repulsion metal is deformed (malleable)

Bailar, Jr, Moeller, Kleinberg, Guss, Castellion, Metz, Chemistry, 1984, page 248

Shattering an Ionic Crystal; Bending a Metal

broken crystal

An ionic crystal Force - + - +

+ + -

+ +

+ + -

+ +

+ + -

+ +

+ + -

+ +

- + - + - + -

+ +

+ + -

+ +

+ + -

+ +

+ + -

+ - + +

Electrostatic forces of repulsion

A metal
Force + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

No electrostatic forces of repulsion metal is deformed (malleable)

Bailar, Jr, Moeller, Kleinberg, Guss, Castellion, Metz, Chemistry, 1984, page 248

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Crystalline solids Hard and brittle High melting points High boiling points High heats of vaporization High heats of fusion Good conductors of electricity when molten Poor conductors of heat and electricity when solid Many are soluble in water

Chemical Bonds
between two identical nonmetal atoms are non-polar covalent. between two different nonmetal atoms are polar covalent. between nonmetals and reactive metals are primarily ionic.
Covalent bonding
Electrons are shared equally

Polar covalent bonding

Electrons are shared unequally

Ionic bonding
Electrons are transferred

Cl

Cl

H Cl

Na1+

Cl1-

Increasing ionic character

Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry 1999, page 229

Chemical Bonds
between two identical nonmetal atoms are nonpolar covalent. between two different nonmetal atoms are polar covalent. between nonmetals and reactive metals are primarily ionic.
Nonpolar covalent
Electrons are shared equally

Polar covalent
Electrons are shared unequally

Ionic bonding
Electrons are transferred

Cl

Cl

H Cl

Na1+

Cl1-

Increasing ionic character

Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry 1999, page 229

Covalent vs. Ionic

Different
Share electrons
(polar vs. nonpolar)

Alike
Chemical Bonds

Different
Transfer electrons
(ions formed)

+/-

Topic
Between Two Nonmetals

Topic
Electrons are involved

Covalent

Ionic

Between Metal and Nonmetal

Weak Bonds
(low melting point)

Strong Bonds
(high melting point)

cathode

Photoelectric Generator
anode cathode

evacuated glass envelope

Radiant energy
anode

Evacuated chamber

Symbolic representation of a photoelectric cell

Photoelectric Cell

Metal surface Positive terminal Current indicator

Voltage source

Solar Calculator