Introduction
Nano
10-9
10-6
10-3
100
103
106
109
Introduction
Carbon
Melting
point: ~ 3500oC
Introduction
Nanocarbon
Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black Horns Rods Foams Nanodiamonds
Introduction
Nanocarbon
Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black Horns Rods Foams Nanodiamonds
Introduction
Nanocarbon
Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black
Mechanical
Thermal Storage
Properties
Bonding
Graphite sp2
Diamond sp3
Properties
Nanocarbon
Properties
Nanocarbon
6 + 6 pentagons 1 5 pentagons
12 pentagons
Properties
Fullerene
The most symmetrical large molecule
Discovered in 1985
- Nobel prize Chemistry 1996, Curl, Kroto, and Smalley C60, also 70, 76 and 84. - 32 facets (12 pentagons and 20 hexagons) - prototype Epcot center, Paris
~1 nm
Properties
Fullerene
Symmetric shape
lubricant
Properties
Fullerene
Symmetric shape
lubricant
Properties
Fullerene
Symmetric shape
lubricant
Properties
Fullerene
Symmetric shape
lubricant
Ferromagnet?
- polymerized C60 - up to 220oC
Properties
Fullerene
Chemically stable as graphite
- most reactive at pentagons
Properties
Fullerene
Chemically stable as graphite
- most reactive at pentagons
- RbCs2C60: 33 K
Properties
Nanotube
Discovered 1991, Iijima
Roll-up vector:
Ch n a1 m a2
Properties
Nanotube
Discovered 1991, Iijima
Roll-up vector:
Ch n a1 m a2
Properties
Nanotube
Electrical conductanse depending on helicity
Ch n a1 m a2
If
Properties
Nanotube
Electrical conductanse depending on helicity
Ch n a1 m a2
Copper wire
If
Current capacity
Carbon nanotube 1 GAmps / cm2 1 MAmps / cm2
Heat transmission
Comparable to pure diamond (3320 W / m.K)
Temperature stability
Carbon nanotube 750 oC (in air)
Metal wires in microchips 600 1000 oC
Caging
May change electrical properties sensor
Properties
Nanotube
High aspect ratio:
Length: typical few m
Diameter: as low as 1 nm
Properties
Nanotube
High aspect ratio:
Length: typical few m
Properties
Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest ever known material.
Young Modulus (stiffness):
Carbon nanotubes Carbon fibers High strength steel 1250 GPa 425 GPa (max.) 200 GPa
Density:
Carbon nanotube (SW) 1.33 1.40 gram / cm3 Aluminium 2.7 gram / cm3
Properties
Mechanical
Properties
Discovered 1994 (closed form) Ge & Sattler 1997 (open form) Ebbesen et al.
Closed: same shape as HIV capsid Possible scale-up production (open form)
Storage?
Hydrogen
19.2 o
38.9 o
60.0 o 84.6 o 112.9 o Krishnan, Ebbesen et al. Nature 388 (2001) 241.
Cones
Properties
Carbon black
Large industry
- mill. tons each year
Size: 10 400 nm
Application
Writing
Carbon graphite
Application
CNT composites
- 0.1 1 wt% loading - low perculation treshold
Application
Application
Electric devices
Application
Transistor
Vacuum tubes
- Nobel prize 1906, Thomson.
Semiconductor, Si-based
- Nobel prize 1956, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain. - 2000, Kilby.
IBM, 1952.
Application
Transistor
SWCNT
- 2.6 GHz, T = 4 K - Logical gates
Emitter
Collector
Base
Application
Antenna
Application
Antenna
Dipole
~ 3/4 m
Radio wave:
m 3 10 c s ~ 100 MHz f 3m
8
Application
Antenna
Dipole
~ 3/4 m
Radio wave:
m 3 10 c s ~ 100 MHz f 3m
8
Nanotube
Optical wave:
L
~ L / 2 ~ 500 nm
Application
Plasma TV
Application
Application
Application
Application
Application
Yarn
Application
Yarn
MWCNT Operational -196oC < T < 450oC Electrical conducting Toughness comparable to Kevlar No rapture in knot
Application
Hydrogen storage
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O (l) + energy
Mg2NiH
3.16 wt%
LaNi5H6
1.37 wt%
H2 (liquid)
H2 (200 bar)
Application
Hydrogen storage
Aim: 5 - 7 wt% H2 SWCNT
- Dillon et al. (1997) : 8 wt% (questionable) - Tarasov et al. (2003): 2.4 wt% reversible, 25 bar H2, 150oC.
Cones
- Mealand & Skjeltorp, (2001) US Patent 6,290,753
Conclusion
Warnings
Environment and health No scale-up production of fullerenes and tubes No scale-up design, yet.
Conclusion
Conclusion
Nanocarbon
- fullerene - most symmetrical - tubes - strongest - cones - one of the sharpest - carbon black - large production
Properties
- electrical, mechanical, thermal, storage, caging
Applications
- antenna, composite, writing, field emission, transistor, yarn, microscopy, storage
Commercial
Companies: ~ 20 worldwide
- Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. (CNI)
Prices:
- Tubes: pure SWCNT $500 / gram (CNI) MWCNT 20-50 / gram (n-Tec) - C60 : pure $100-200 / gram (SES Research) - Cones: Multi 1 / gram (n-Tec)
- Gold : $10 / gram