3G Tutorial

Outline
History

and evolution of mobile radio

Brief history of cellular wireless telephony Radio technology today: TDMA, DMA Demographics and mar!et trends today "# vision, "# migration paths

$volving

networ! architectures

Based on #%M&MA' or on (%&)* today "#'' versus "#''+ evolution paths "# utili,ation of softswitches, -o(' and %(' 'otential for convergence

Outline (continued)
$volving

services

%M%, $M%, MM% messaging .ocation -ideo and (' multimedia

Applications

/ application framewor!s

(s there a 0iller App1

Business

models

2hat3s really happening1 2hen1

Slide 3

3G Tutorial
History

and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network rc!itectures Evolving "ervices ##lications $usiness Models

%irst Mobile Radio Tele#!one &'()

ourtesy of Rich Howard

*orld Teleco+ "tatistics

*+44 *444 644
:millions;

rossover has happened May +44+ <

.andline %ubs

544 )44 +44 4

Mobile %ubs

*7 7* *7 7+ *7 7" *7 7) *7 78 *7 75 *7 79 *7 76 *7 77 +4 44 +4 4*

,ellular Mobile Tele#!ony

=re>uency modulation Antenna diversity ellular concept

+ * + " ) 8 * + 5 9 " ) 8

8 * + 5 9

9 " ) 8 *

+ 5 9 "

Bell .abs :*789 / *754; Typically every 9 cells

=re>uency reuse

Handoff as caller moves Modified

? switch

H.R, paging, handoffs $very " cells possible

%ectors improve reuse

%irst Generation
Advanced

Mobile 'hone %ervice :AM'%;

@% trials *796A deployed in Bapan :397; / @% :36"; 644 MH, band C two +4 MH, bands T(A&88" %till widely used in @% and many parts of the world

Dordic

Mobile Telephony :DMT;

%weden, Dorway, Demar! / =inland .aunched *76*A now largely retired )84 MH,A later at 744 MH, :DMT744;

Total

Access ommunications %ystem :TA %;

British designA similar to AM'%A deployed *768 %ome TA %&744 systems still in use in $urope

"econd Generation - (G
Digital

systems .everage technology to increase capacity

%peech compressionA digital signal processing
@tili,eEeFtend

G(ntelligent Detwor!H concepts (mprove fraud prevention Add new services There are a wide diversity of +# systems

(%&8)E (%&*"5 Dorth American TDMAA 'D iD$D D$ T and 'H% (%&78 DMA :cdma?ne; #%M

:Bapan;

./ M0"1 T.M
%peech

2 0.,

coded as digital bit stream

ompression plus error protection bits Aggressive compression limits voice >uality

Time

division multiple access :TDMA; *77" :'D *77);

" calls per radio channel using repeating time slices Development through *764sA ba!eoff *769

Deployed

(%&8)

E (%&*"5 standards in @% T(A ATT 2ireless / ingular use (%&*"5 today

'lan to migrate to #%M and then to 2& DMA
'D

dominant cellular system in Bapan today

networ!

DTT Do oMo has largest 'D

i.EN
@sed

by DeFtel Motorola proprietary system

Time division multiple access technology Based on #%M architecture

644

MH, private mobile radio :'MR; spectrum protocol supports fast G'ush&to&Tal!H

Bust below 644 MH, cellular band Digital replacement for old 'MR services

%pecial

DeFtel

has highest A'R@ in @% mar!et due to GDirect onnectH push&to&tal! service

.E,T and 0H"

Also

based on time division multiple access Digital $uropean ordless Telephony

=ocus on business use, iIeI wireless 'BJ -ery small cellsA (n building propagation issues 2ide bandwidth :"+ !bps channels; High&>uality voice andEor (%DD data

'ersonal

Handiphone %ervice

%imilar performance :"+ !bps channels; Deployed across Bapanese cities :high popI density; ) channel base station uses one (%DD BR( line Base stations on top of phone booths .egacy in BapanA new deployments in hina today

Nort!

+erican ,.M

(cd+aOne)

ode Division Multiple Access

All users share same fre>uency band Discussed in detail later as DMA is basis for "#

Kualcomm

demo in *767

laimed improved capacity / simplified planning

=irst

deployment in Hong 0ong late *77) MaLor success in 0orea :*M subs by *775; @sed by -eri,on and %print in @% %implest "# migration story today

cd+aOne - 3"/'4
T(A

standard (%&78 :AD%(&78; in *77" (%&78 deployed in the 644 MH, cellular band

B&%TD&46 variant deployed in *744 MH, @% G' %H band

$volution

fiFes bugs and adds data

(%&78A provides data rates up to *)I) !bps (%&78B provides rates up to 5) !bps :+I8#; Both A and B are compatible with B&%TD&46

All

variants designed for T(A (%&)* core networ!s :AD%( )*;

G"M
M

#roupe %pecial Mobile N, later changed to M #lobal %ystem for Mobile N

Boint $uropean effort beginning in *76+ =ocus on seamless roaming across $urope

%ervices

launched *77*

Time division multiple access :6 users per +440H,; 744 MH, bandA later eFtended to *644MH, Added *744 MH, :@% ' % bands;

#%M

is dominant world standard today

2ell defined interfacesA many competitors Detwor! effect :Metcalfe3s law; too! hold in late *774s Tri&band #%M phone can roam the world today

.istribution of G"M "ubscribers

#%M

is used by 94O of subscribers worldwide

85) M subs E 644 M subs in Buly +44*

Most

#%M deployments in $urope :87O; and Asia :""O;

ATT / ingular deploying #%M in @% today
Dumber of subscribers in the world :Bul +44*;
CDMA 12% US TDMA 10% GSM 71% PDC 7%

%ource: $M

2orld

ellular E #%M Association

&G - "e#arate %re5uencies

=DMA C =re>uency Division Multiple Access

"4 0H, "4 0H, "4 0H, "4 0H, "4 0H, "4 0H, "4 0H, "4 0H,

=re>uency

(G - T.M

Ti+e .ivision Multi#le

?ne timeslot P 4I899 ms

ccess

?ne TDMA frame P 6 timeslots

+44 0H,

=re>uency

+44 0H, +44 0H, +44 0H,

Time

(G 2 3G - ,.M
%pread

,ode .ivision Multi#le

spectrum modulation

ccess

?riginally developed for the military Resists Lamming and many !inds of interference oded modulation hidden from those wEo the code

All

users share same :large; bloc! of spectrum

?ne for one fre>uency reuse %oft handoffs possible

Almost

all accepted "# radio standards are based on DMA

DMA+444, 2& DMA and TD&% DMA

Multi/ ccess Radio Tec!ni5ues

ourtesy of 'etri 'ossi, @MT% 2orld

ourtesy of %uresh #oyal / Rich Howard

ourtesy of %uresh #oyal / Rich Howard

ourtesy of %uresh #oyal / Rich Howard

ourtesy of %uresh #oyal / Rich Howard

3G 6ision
@niversal

global roaming Multimedia :voice, data / video; (ncreased data rates

"6) !bps while moving + Mbps when stationary at specific locations

(ncreased

capacity :more spectrally efficient; (' architecture 'roblems

Do !iller application for wireless data as yet -endor&driven

3nternational "tandardi7ation
(T@

:(nternational Telecommunication @nion;

Radio standards and spectrum (T@3s umbrella name for "# which stands for (nternational Mobile Telecommunications +444

(MT&+444

Dational

and regional standards bodies are collaborating in "# partnership proLects

AR(B, T(A, TTA, TT , 2T%I T*, $T%( & refer to reference slides at the end for names and lin!s

"#

'artnership 'roLects :"#'' / "#''+;

=ocused on evolution of access and core networ!s

3MT/(888 6ision 3ncludes 9 N: * N and "atellite "ervices

#lobal %atellite %uburban @rban (n&Building

Macrocell

Microcell

'icocell

Basic Terminal 'DA Terminal AudioE-isual Terminal

3MT/(888 Radio "tandards

(MT&% Q %ingle

arrier :@2 &*"5;: $D#$

#%M evolution :TDMA;A +44 0H, channelsA sometimes called G+I98#H

(MT&M Q Multi arrier DMA:

DMA+444

$volution of (%&78 DMA, iIeI cdma?ne

(MT&D%Q Direct %pread

DMA: 2& DMA

Dew from "#''A @TRAD =DD

(MT&T QQ Time

ode

DMA

Dew from "#''A @TRAD TDD Dew from hinaA TD&% DMA

(MT&=TQQ =DMAETDMA :D$ T legacy;

QQ @npaired spectrum

Q 'aired spectrum;

,.M (888 0ros and ,ons

$volution

from original Kualcomm DMA

Dow !nown as cdma?ne or (%&78

Better

migration story from +# to "#

cdma?ne operators don3t need additional spectrum *F$-D4 promises higher data rates than @MT%, iIeI 2& DMA

Better

spectral efficiency than 2& DMA:1;

Arguable :and argued<; cmda?ne interfaces were vendor&specific Hopefully DMA+444 vendors will comply wE "#''+

DMA+444 core networ! less mature

*/,.M
2ideband

(;MT") 0ros and ,ons

DMA

%tandard for @niversal Mobile Telephone %ervice :@MT%;

ommitted standard for $urope and li!ely migration path for other #%M operators

.everages #%M3s dominant position

Re>uires

substantial new spectrum

8 MH, each way :symmetric;

.egally

mandated in $urope and elsewhere %ales of new spectrum completed in $urope

At prices that now seem eForbitant

T./",.M
Time

division dupleF :TDD; hinese development

2ill be deployed in hina

#ood

match for asymmetrical traffic< %ingle spectral band :*I5 MH,; possible osts relatively low

Handset smaller and may cost less 'ower consumption lower TDD has the highest spectrum efficiency

'ower

amplifiers must be very linear

Relatively hard to meet specifications

Migration To 3G
+I8# +# *#
Analog -oice
#%M

+I98#
(ntermediate Multimedia

"#
Multimedia

'ac!et Data

Digital -oice
#'R% $D#$
115 Kbps 384 Kbps

2& DMA :@MT%;

Up to 2 Mbps

DMT

9.6 Kbps

TDMA TA %
9.6 Kbps

#%ME #'R%
(Overlay) 115 Kbps

TD&% DMA
2 Mbps?

iD$D
9.6 Kbps

iD$D 'D
9.6 Kbps (Overlay)

AM'% DMA
14.4 Kbps / 64 Kbps

DMA *FRTT 'H%

:('&Based;

cdma+444
1X-EV-DV Over 2.4 Mbps

144 Kbps

'H%

64 Kbps

*76) & *775R

*77+ & +444R

+44*R

+44"R

+44" & +44)R

Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray

"ubscribers< G"M vs ,.M

ost of moving from #%M to cdma?ne overrides the benefit of the DMA migration path

Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray

Mobile *ireless "#ectru+

Bands :MH,; 450 4!0 !00 "00 1500 1700 1!00 1"00 #100 #500 =re>uencies :MH,; 450-467 47!-4"6 !#4-!"4 !!0-"60 1750-1!70 1710-1!!0 1!50-1""0 1!!5-#0#5 ) #100-##00 #500-#6"0 Regions Europe Europe $%erica Europe&$P$' Japan PD' (orea Europe&$P$' $%erica Europe&$P$' *+U Propo,a#%ME $D#$ 2 DMA DMA+444

0ros#ects for Global Roa+ing

Multiple

vocoders :AMR, $-R , %M-,S; %iF or more spectral bands

644, 744, *644, *744, +*44, +844, S1 MH,

At

least four modulation variants

#%M :TDMA;, 2& DMA, DMA+444, TD&% MDA

The handset approach

Advanced

silicon %oftware defined radio (mproved batteries Two cycles of Moore3s law1 iIeI " yrs1

3G Tutorial
History

and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network rc!itectures Evolving "ervices ##lications $usiness Models

Evolving ,N
Two

rc!itectures

widely deployed architectures today #%M&MA' C used by #%M operators

GMobile Application 'artH defines eFtra :%%9&based; signaling for mobility, authentication, etcI
AD%(&)*

MA' C used with AM'%, TDMA / cdma?ne

T(A :AD%(; standard for Gcellular radio telecommunications inter&system operationH

$ach

evolving to common Gall ('H vision

GAll ('H still being defined C many years away #A(T :#%M AD%( (nteroperability Team; provides a path for interoperation today

Ty#ical (G

rc!itecture
'%DD
B%

BT% B% H.R %M%&% M% E-.R B%

'.MD
M% E-.R B%

BT% C Base Transceiver %tation B% C Base %tation ontroller

#M%

Tandem ? ?

'%TD

Tandem ?

M% C Mobile %witching enter -.R C -isitor .ocation Register H.R C Home .ocation Register

Network 0lanes

.i!e '%TD, +# mobile networ!s have one plane for voice circuits and another plane for signaling %ome elements reside only in the signaling plane

H.R, -.R, %M% enter, S

H.R M% M%

%M%&% -.R M%

%ignaling 'lane :%%9; Transport 'lane :-oice;

"ignaling in ,ore Network

Based

on %%9

(%@' and specific Application 'arts

#%M

MA' and AD%(&)* services

Mobility, call&handling, ?/M Authentication, supplementary services %M%, S

.ocation

registers for mobility management

H.R: home location register has permanent data -.R: visitor location register !eeps local copy for roamers

0"TN/to/Mobile ,all
'.MD
:-isitor;

'.MD
:Home;

'%TD

%ignaling over %%9

MA'E (%)* :over T A'; (%@'

:% '; H.R 2here is the subscriber1 :%T'; ) 'rovide Roaming " 8 Routing (nfo -M% 5 (AM #M% :%%'; +

% '

* :%T'; (AM :%%'; 8*) 86* III

M%

B%% -.R

:%%';

G"M (G
B%% Abis A

rc!itecture
D%% $ B '%TD

'%TD

M% BT%

B%

M% -.R

D H H.R

#M%

%%9

Au

BSS

Base Stat!o" Syste#

$SS

$et%or& S'b(Syste#

BT% C Base Transceiver %tation B% C Base %tation ontroller M% C Mobile %tation

M% C Mobile&service %witching ontroller -.R C -isitor .ocation Register H.R C Home .ocation Register Au C Authentication %erver #M% C #ateway M% )SM )lobal Syste# *or Mob!le +o##'"!+at!o"

En!ancing G"M
Dew

technology since mid&74s #lobal standard C most widely deployed

significant paybac! for enhancements

=re>uency

hopping between cells

?vercome fading D= A: dynamic fre>uency and channel assignment Allocate radio resources to minimi,e interference Also used to determine mobile3s location

%ynchroni,ation

T=?

C Tandem =ree ?peration

T%O ,once#ts
(mprove

voice >uality by disabling unneeded transcoders during mobile&to&mobile calls ?perate with eFisting networ!s :B% s, M% s;

Dew TRA@ negotiates T=? in&band after call setup T=? frames use .%Bits of 5) 0bps circuit to carry compressed speech frames and T=? signaling M%Bits still carry normal #I9** speech samples %ame speech codec in each handset Digital transparency in core networ! :$ off<; T=? disabled upon cell handover, call transfer, in& band DTM=, announcements or conferencing

.imitations

T%O = Tande+ %ree O#eration

#%M oding
D

Do T=? : + unneeded transcoders in path

D

#I9** E 5) !b
D

#%M oding

Abis M% BT% B%

Ater TRA@

A M%

'%TDQ
M%

TRA@ B% BT% M%

#%M oding
D

2ith T=? :established; : no in&path transcoder

T = ?

T#%M oding R T=? %igU :+bits; R #I9** :5bitsQQ; E 5) 0b

T = ?

#%M oding

Abis M% BT% B%

Ater TRA@

A M%

'%TDQ
M%

TRA@ B% BT% M%

:Q; or TDM&based core networ! :QQ; or 9 bits if Half&Rate coder is used

New 6ocoders<
AMR:

MR 2 "M6

Adaptive multi&rate

Defined for @MT% :2& DMA; Being retrofitted for #%M

%M-:

%electable mode vocoder available coding rates

Defined by "#''+ for DMA+444 AMR 6 rates: *+I+, *4I+, 9I78, 9I), 5I9, 8I7, 8I*8 / )I98bps, plus silence frames :near 4 bps; %M- ) rates: 6I8, ), + / 4I6!bps

Many

.ower

bit rates allow more error correction

Dynamically adLust to radio interference conditions

En!ancing G"M
AMR

speech coder

Trade off speech and error correction bits =ewer dropped calls

DTJ

C discontinuous transmission

.ess interference :approach 4 bps during silences; More calls per cell

?verlays,

with partitioned spectral reuse

"F in overlay :cell edges;A *F reuse in underlay

H%

%D C high speed circuit&switched data C general pac!et radio service

Aggregate channels to surpass 7I5 !bps limit : 84!;

#'R%

G0R" - (>4G for G"M

#eneral

pac!et radio service radio channels

=irst introduction of pac!et technology %upport higher data rates :**8 !bps; %ubLect to channel availability

Aggregate

%hare

aggregate channels among multiple

users All new ('&based data infrastructure Do changes to voice networ!

Mobile %witching enter

(>4G 1 3G

No ,!anges for 6oice ,alls

3) $et%or& ,ayo't

dds 30 .ata

?ut to another M% or =iFed Detwor! :'%TDE(%DD;

(nternet :T 'E('; (' #ateway

Mobile %witching enter

Detwor! Management :H.R;

?ut to another M% or =iFed Detwor! :'%TDE(%DD;

Mobile %witching enter

Detwor! Management :H.R;

(' #ateway (nternet :T 'E('; & Base %tation & Radio Detwor! ontroller

(>4G
#. 0S 12oice on-y5 B%% Abis A

rc!itectural .etail
D%% $ B '%TD

'%TD

M% BT%

B%

M% #s #b -.R

D H

#M%

%%9

#./ 0S 12oice ) 3a4a5 #r H.R #n %#%D Au #c #i

'%DD

('
$et%or& S'b(Syste#

##%D

BSS

Base Stat!o" Syste#

$SS

%#%D C %erving #'R% %upport Dode ##%D C #ateway #'R% %upport Dode )./S )e"eral .a+&et /a0!o Serv!+e

BT% C Base Transceiver %tation B% C Base %tation ontroller

M% C Mobile&service %witching ontroller -.R C -isitor .ocation Register H.R C Home .ocation Register Au C Authentication %erver #M% C #ateway M%

G"M Evolution for .ata

+ Mbps @MT%

ccess

"6) !bps **8 !bps #'R% 7I5 !bps #%M $D#$

*779

+444

+44"

+44"R
"#

#%M evolution

E.GE
$nhanced

Data rates for #lobal $volution (ncreased data rates with #%M compatibility

%till +44 0H, bandsA still TDMA 6&'%0 modulation: " bitsEsymbol give "J data rate %horter range :more sensitive to noiseEinterference;

#A(T

C #%MEAD%(&*"5 interoperability team

Allows (%&*"5 TDMA operators to migrate to $D#$ Dew #%ME $D#$ radios but evolved AD%(&)* core networ!

3G 0artners!i# 0ro?ect (3G00)

"#''

defining migration from #%M to @MT% :2& DMA;

ore networ! evolves from #%M&only to support #%M, #'R% and new 2& DMA facilities

"#''

Release 77 Release ) Release 8 Release 5

Adds "# radios Adds softswitchE voice gateways and pac!et core =irst (' Multimedia %ervices :(M%; wE %(' / Ko% GAll ('H networ!A contents of r5 still being defined

"#''

"#''

"#''

3G rel''
#. 0S 12oice on-y5 B%% Abis

3G Radios
A

rc!itecture (;MT") D $ B '%TD

'%TD

B% BT% #./ 0S 12oice ) 3a4a5 RD% ATM (ub (u'% RD Dode B 6. UE 12oice ) 3a4a5
BSS Base Stat!o" Syste#

#b

M% #s -.R

D H

#M%

%%9

(u % #r H.R #n %#%D Au #c #i

'%DD

('

##%D

1$

1ore $et%or&

%#%D C %erving #'R% %upport Dode ##%D C #ateway #'R% %upport Dode

BT% C Base Transceiver %tation B% C Base %tation ontroller

M% C Mobile&service %witching ontroller -.R C -isitor .ocation Register H.R C Home .ocation Register

UM2S

U"!versal Mob!le 2ele+o##'"!+at!o" Syste#

/$S

/a0!o $et%or& Syste#

Au C Authentication %erver #M% C #ateway M%

RD C Radio Detwor! ontroller

3G rel)
#. 0S 12oice on-y5 B%% Abis A

"oft "witc!ing
Mc B% #b M% %erver #s (u % RD% ATM -.R

rc!itecture (;MT") D Db %&M#2 Dc Mc B D H #r H.R #n #M% server '%TD %&M#2

'%TD

BT% #./ 0S 12oice ) 3a4a5

%%9 ('EATM
#c #i ##%D

Au

(ub

(u'% RD

'%DD

%#%D

Dode B 6. UE 12oice ) 3a4a5

BSS Base Stat!o" Syste# 1$ 1ore $et%or& %#%D C %erving #'R% %upport Dode ##%D C #ateway #'R% %upport Dode BT% C Base Transceiver %tation B% C Base %tation ontroller M% C Mobile&service %witching ontroller -.R C -isitor .ocation Register H.R C Home .ocation Register /$S /a0!o $et%or& Syste# Au C Authentication %erver #M% C #ateway M%

RD C Radio Detwor! ontroller

Transcoder %ree O#eration (Tr%O)

(mprove

voice >uality by avoiding unneeded transcoders

li!e T=? but using pac!et&based core networ!

?ut&of&band

negociation

%elect same codec at both ends during call setup %upports sudden channel rearrangement :handovers, etcI; via signaling procedures 2hen Tr=? impossible, T=? can be attempted eIgI transit between pac!et&based and circuit& based core networ!s

Tr%O @ T%O EAa+#le

+# handset to "# handset: by combining Tr=? and T=?, in&path transcoders can be avoided

+# '.MD
M% %&M#2 %&M#2

TRA@

Radio Access Detwor!

+# M%

"# @$

Radio Access Detwor!

M% %erver #%M oding :Tr=?;

"# 'ac!et ore Detwor!

#M% %erver

T = ?

T#%M oding R T=? %igU :lsb; R #I9** :msb; E 5) 0b

T = ?

#%M

oding

3G rel4
#. 0S 12oice on-y5 B%% Abis AE(u %

30 Multi+edia
Mc B% #bE(u'% M% %erver #s (u % RD% ATM

rc!itecture (;MT") D Db %&M#2 Dc Mc B -.R D H #r H%% #n #M% server '%TD %&M#2

'%TD

BT% #./ 0S 12oice ) 3a4a5

%%9 ('EATM
#c #i ##%D (M&M#2 #s '%TD

Au

(ub

(u'% RD

(' Detwor!

%#%D

Dode B 6. UE 12oice ) 3a4a5

3M 3. M'lt!#e0!a s'b(syste#

(M

MR= C Media Resource =unction % = C all %tate ontrol =unction M# = C Media #ateway ontrol =unction :McPH+)6,MgP%('; (M&M#2 C (' Multimedia&M#2

('
Mg MR= Mc M# = % =

3G00 Rel>B Ob?ectives

('

Multimedia %ervices, phase +

(M% messaging and group management

2ireless

.AD interwor!ing %peech enabled services

Distributed speech recognition :D%R;

Dumber

portability ?ther enhancements

%cope

and definition in progress

3G00( .efines 3"/)& Evolution

"rd

#eneration 'artnership 'roLect GTwoH

%eparate organi,ation, as "#'' closely tied to #%M and @MT% #oal of ultimate merger :"#'' R "#''+; remains

$volution

of (%&)* to Gall ('H more direct but not any faster

%!ips ATM stage

*FRTT

C (' pac!et support :li!e #'R%; *F$-D- C adds softswitchE voice gateways "F C triples radio data rates

(G cd+aOne (3"/'4 @ 3"/)&)

(%&78

BT%

A Ref :A*, A+, A8; %TM over T*ET"

M%

B% 'roprietary (nterface

BT% C Base Transceiver %tation B% C Base %tation ontroller M% C Mobile %tation M% C Mobile %witching enter H.R C Home .ocation Registry %M%&% C %hort Message %ervice C %erving enter %TM C %ynchronous Transfer Mode
H.R
%TM over T*ET" or AA.* over %?D$T

BT% (%&78

Ater Ref :A", A9;

A Ref :A*, A+, A8; BT% %TM over T*ET"

M%

M%

B% 'roprietary (nterface A* C %ignaling interface for call control and mobility Management between M% and B%

S0SS'
A8 C =ull dupleF bearer interface byte stream :%M% 1; A9 C Bearer interface for inter&B% mobile handoff

A+ C 5) !bps bearer interface for ' M voice A" C %ignaling interface for inter&B% mobile handoff

,.M (888 &A Network

H.R
%TM over T*ET" or (%&+444 A Ref :A*, A+, A8; %TM over T*ET" BT% AA.* over %?D$T

M%

M%

B% 'roprietary (nterface

AKuarter Ref :A*4, A**; (' over $thernetEAA.8

S0SS'

(nternet
BT%

BT% C Base Transceiver %tation RAD(@% over @D'E(' B% C Base %tation ontroller M% C Mobile %tation M% C Mobile %witching enter H.R C Home .ocation Registry %M%&% C %hort Message %ervice C %erving enter AAA %TM C %ynchronous Transfer Mode 'D%D C 'ac!et Data %erving Dode AAA C Authentication, Authori,ation, and Accounting 'D%D Home Agent C Mobile (' Home Agent A*4 C Bearer interface between B% :' =; and 'D%D for pac!et data A** C %ignaling interface between B% :' =; and 'D%D for pac!et data

(' Router

(' =irewall

(' Router

Home Agent

'rivata Data Detwor!

0acket .ata "erving Node (0."N)

$stablish,

maintain, and terminate ''' sessions with mobile station %upport simple and mobile (' services

Act as mobile (' =oreign Agent for visiting mobile station

Handle

authentication, authori,ation, and accounting :AAA; for mobile station

@ses RAD(@% protocol

Route

pac!ets between mobile stations and eFternal pac!et data networ!s ollect usage data and forward to AAA server

"erver and Ho+e

AAA

gent

server

Authentication: ''' and mobile (' connections Authori,ation: service profile and security !ey distribution and management Accounting: usage data for billing

Mobile

(' Home Agent

Trac! location of mobile (' subscribers when they move from one networ! to another Receive pac!ets on behalf of the mobile node when node is attached to a foreign networ! and deliver pac!ets to mobile3s current point of attachment

&AE6.O - 30 .ata Only

(%&+444

(' BT% & (' Base Transceiver %tation (' B% & (' Base %tation ontroller AAA & Authentication, Authori,ation, and Accounting 'D%D & 'ac!et Data %erving Dode Home Agent & Mobile (' Home Agent
(' BT%

(nternet
(' =irewall
(' B%

(' Router

(' Router

(%&+444 RAD(@% over @D'E('

(' BT%

'rivata Data Detwor!

AAA

'D%D

Home Agent

&CE6.6 - 30 .ata and 6oice

%(' % T'E(' %%9

(%& +444

%(' 'roFy

M# = :%oftswitch;

%#2

HI+)6 :Maybe M# '; %(' (' BT% 'ac!et switched voice ircuit switched voice

M#2

(nternet
(' =irewall 'D%D R Router (' Router
%(' 'roFy C %ession (nitiation 'rotocol 'roFy %erver M# = C Media #ateway ontrol =unction %#2 C %ignaling #ateway :%%9; M#2 C Media #ateway :-oice;

(' B%

(%&+444

DeFtgen M%
(' BT%
AAA

'rivata Data Detwor!

Home Agent

##roac! for Merging 3G00 2 3G00( ,ore Network 0rotocols

UMTS MAP ANSI-41

L3 (UMTS) L3 (UMTS) L2 (UMTS) L1 (UMTS) HOOKS HOOKS HOOKS

L3 (cdma2000) EXTENSIONS EXTENSIONS EXTENSIONS

Gateway 9ocation Register

#ateway

between differing .R standards (ntroduced between -.RE%#%D and H.R

%ingle point for Ghoo!s and eFtensionsH ontrols traffic between visited mobile system and home mobile system

-isited

networ!3s -.RE%#%D

Treats #.R as roaming user3s H.R

Home

networ!3s H.R

Treats #.R as -.RE%#%D at visited networ!

#.R

physically located in visited networ!

(nteracts with all -.Rs in visited networ!

Gateway 9ocation Register EAa+#le

Mobile %tation roaming in a '.MD with a different signaling protocol

#%M MA' AD%(&)*

H.R

Home '.MD

Radio Access Detwor!

-isiting M% M% E%#%D -.R

#.R

-isited '.MD

3G00 1 3G00( Har+oni7ation

Boint

meetings address interoperability and roaming

Handsets, radio networ!, core networ!

Hoo!s and $Ftensions N help to converge

Dear term fiF

Target

all&(' core harmoni,ation

.everage common specifications :espI ($T= R= s; Align terms, interfaces and functional entities Developing Harmoni,ation Reference Model :HRM;

"#''3s

(' Mutilmedia %ervices and "#''+3s Multi&Media Domain almost aligned

3G Tutorial
History

and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network rc!itectures Evolving "ervices ##lications $usiness Models

;# and ,o+ing Mobile "ervices

%M%,

$M%, MM% .ocation&based services "#&"+)M -ideo -o(' wEo Ko%A 'ush&to&Tal! (' Multimedia %ervices :wE Ko%; onverged GAll ('H networ!s C the -ision

"!ort Message "ervice ("M")

'oint&to&point, short, teFt message service Messages over signaling channel :MA' or (%&)*; %M% stores&and&forwards %M%sA delivery reports %M$ is any data terminal or Mobile %tation

%M%&#M% $ A B M% %M$ BT% B% M% -.R %M%&(2M% %

'%DD

'
%M$s

%M% C #M% #ateway M% %M% C (2M% (nter2or!ing M% % C %ervice enter %M$ C %hort Messaging $ntity

H.R

"M" 0rinci#les
Basic

services

%M MT :Mobile Terminated; %M M? :Mobile ?riginated; :"#''+; %M M? can be cancelled :"#''+; @ser can ac!nowledge

%M

%ervice enter :"#''; a!a Message enter :"#''+;

Relays and store&and&forwards %M%s

'ayload

of up to *)4 bytes, but

an be compressed :M%&to&M%; AndEor segmented in several %Ms

"M" Trans#ort
M%

De-i2ery 10+5 7epor4 Su8%i,,ion 1095 7epor4

Delivery

E %ubmission report

?ptional in "#''+ % informs H.RE-.R that a message could not be delivered to M% H.R informs % that the M% is again ready to receive

Messages&2aiting

Alert&%

All

messages over signaling channels

may have (' option

@sually %%9A %M%

EM" 0rinci#les
$nhanced

Message %ervice .everages %M% infrastructure =ormatting attributes in payload allow:

TeFt formatting :alignment, font si,e, style, colourS; 'ictures :eIgI +88F+88 color; or vector&based graphics Animations %ounds

(nteroperable

with +# %M% mobiles

+# %M% spec had room for payload formatting +# M% ignore special formats

MM" 0rinci#les (&)

Don&real&time,

multi&media message service

TeFtA %peech :AMR coding; Audio :M'", synthetic M(D(; (mage, graphics :B'$#, #(=, 'D#; -ideo :M'$#), HI+5"; 2ill evolve with multimedia technologies

@ses

(' data path / (' protocols :not %%9; to terminal capabilities

2A', HTT', %MT', etcI Media format conversions :B'$# to #(=; Media type conversions :faF to image; %M% :+#; terminal inter&wor!ing

Adapts

MM" 0rinci#les (()

MMs

can be forwarded :wEo downloading;, and may have a validity period ?ne or multiple addressees Addressing by phone number :$I*5); or email address :R= 6++; $Ftended reporting

submission, storage, delivery, reading, deletion

%upports

an MMBoF, iIeI a mail boF ?ptional support of media streaming :RT'ERT%';

MM"

rc!itecture
%MT', '?'E(MA' %D %D
MM% Relay E %erver

MA'
MM% @ser Agent

%MT'

MM)

MM% @ser Databases

$Fternal legacy servers

%D

:$&mail, =aF, @M%, %M% S;

MM" MM5 MM8Q

'.MD
@$ H.R MM*

%D %D
MM% Relay E %erver :or 'roFyRelay %erver; 2A' #w

'DD
MM9

%?A'EHTT' 2%'&HTT'
:Q; ?ptional

%D
-alue&Added %ervices Application

9ocation
Driven

by e7** re>uirements in @%

= mandatedA not yet functioning as desired Most operators are operating under GwaiversH

'otential

revenue from location&based services %everal technical approaches

(n networ! technologies :measurements at cell sites; Handset technologies Detwor!&assisted handset approaches

'lus

additional core networ! infrastructure privacy issues

.ocation computation and mobile location servers

%ignificant

9ocation Tec!nology
ell identity: crude but available today Based on timing

TA: Timing Advance :distance from #%M BT%;

Based

on timing and triangulation

T?A: Time of Arrival TD?A: Time Difference of Arrival $?TD: $nhanced ?bserved Time Difference A?A: Angle of Arrival

Based

on satellite navigation systems

#'%: #lobal 'ositioning %ystem A&#'%: Assisted #'%

9ocation/$ased "ervices
$mergency

services personal services

$7** & $nhanced 7** friend finder, directions coupons or offers from nearby stores

-alue&added

ommercial services

Detwor!

internal

Traffic / coverage measurements

.awful

intercept eFtensions

law enforcement locates suspect

9ocation 3nfor+ation
.ocation

:in "D;, speed and direction

with timestamp

Accuracy

of measurement Response time

a Ko% measure

%ecurity

/ 'rivacy

authori,ed clients secure info eFchange privacy control by user andEor operator

;" E'&& 0!ase 33

'D$

rc!itecture
$%R0 / voice

$%R0 / voice B% M% Access tandem

'ublic %ervice Answering 'oint

'D$

$%R0 allbac! V, .ongI, .atI $%R0 %D M' allbac! V, .ongI, .atI %D A.( DB

'D$

%D 'D$

'D$ C Po,i4ion De4er%inin: En4i4y M' C 0o8i-e Po,i4ionin: 'en4er $%R0 C E%er:ency Ser2ice 7ou4in: (ey A.( DB C $u4o%a4ic ;oca4ion *3en4ifica4ion Da4a Ba,e

3G00 9ocation 3nfrastructure

@$

:@ser $ntity; :.ocation Measurement @nit; :%erving Mobile .ocation enter;

:"#;

May assist in position calculation distributed among cells %tandalone e>uipment :+#; or integrated into B% :+#; or RD

.M@

%M.

.everages

normal infrastructure for transport and resource management

9,"
. % signaling :RR.'; over RR&RR EB%%A'

rc!itecture (3G00)
. % signaling :..'; over RREB%%A' . % signaling in B%%A'&.$ %D . % signaling over MA'
#M. .r .b .g A B% #b M% #s (u -.R H.R .g .h .e .s

.M@ 1+ype $5

%M. .M@ 1+ype B5 Abis Abis BT%

%D
#M. :. % %erver; . % lient

@$

(ub

%M. RD

%#%D

.M@ Dode B 1;0U 4ype B5

.M@ C .ocation Measurement @nit %M. C %erving Mobile .ocation enter

. % signaling over RADA'

#M. C #ateway Mobile .ocation enter

9ocation Re5uest
M.'

C Mobile .ocation 'rotocol

=rom .ocation (nterop =orum Based on HTT'E%%.EJM. Allows (nternet clients to re>uest location services

#M.

is the .ocation %erver (nterrogates H.R to find visited M% E%#%D

Roaming user can be located @$ can be idle, but not off <

(mmediate

or deferred result

3G/3()M 6ideo "ervices

(nitial

mobile video service uses "# data bandwidth wEo (' multimedia infrastructure
Deployed by Do oMo in Bapan today

.everage

high speed circuit&switch data path

5) !bps HI"+) video structure M'$# ) video coding AMR audio coding

%upports

video clips, video streaming and live video conversations

M% to M% M% to (nternet or (%DD with gateways

,o++on Tec!nology 0latfor+ for 3G/3()M "ervices

<o3e B

7<'
6.-6#40 0o8i-e

*u-c,

0S'

U2/4$ UM2S 1ore $et%or&

6.-6#40 Multi&Media #2

S'pport *or 5.323 +alls 6 strea#!"7 #e0!a

3. $et%or&
=.6#6

=.#4! or 7$S

7+P

=.6#6 4er%ina%treamingEMail media server

Sof4 S>i4c? or .a4e (eeper

Gateway< 3G/3()M to M0EG) over RT0

5) !bps circuit&switch data over '%TDE +I8#E "# networ! to "#&"+)M video handset
#ateway application E ?A/M

'arallel RT' streams over (' networ! to video server

'%TD (E=

AudioE videoE control multipleF HI++"

ontrol stac!s (%DD call setup W HI"+" or %(' HI+)8 negotiation W over T ' -ideo repac!ing of HI+5" frames Audio vocoder AMR C #I9** 'ac!et stream Litter buffering

RT' RT%' @D'E(' stac!s

(' (E=

Slide 90

6ideo Messaging "yste+ for 3G/3()M

5) !bps circuit&switch data over '%TDE +I8#E "# networ! to "#&"+)M video handset -ideo mail application script M') files for messages and prompts

'%TD (E=

AudioE videoE control multipleF HI++"

ontrol stac!s (%DD call setup HI+)8 negotiation AudioEvideo sync and stream control -ideo buffering of HI+5" frames Audio buffering of AMR frames

Slide 91

0us!/toTalk
DeFtel3s

6o30 before Do" is

vailable

GDirect onnectH service credited with getting them +4&+8O eFtra AR'@
Based on totally proprietary iD$D ?ther carriers eFtremely Lealous

'ush&to&tal!

is half dupleF

%hort delays ?0

(ssues

remain

Always on (' isn3t always onA radio connection suspended if unusedA +&" seconds to re&establish

%print

has announced they will be offering a push&to&tal! service on their *FRTT networ!

E ll 30F "ervices
('

Multimedia %ubsystem :(M%; C "#'' Multi&Media Domain :MMD; C "#''+

-oice

and video over (' with >uality of service guarantees

?bsoletes circuit&switched voice e>uipment

Target

for converging the two disparate core networ! architectures

3M" 1 MM. "ervices

'resence .ocation (nstant

Messaging :voiceRvideo; onferencing Media %treaming E Annoucements Multi&player gaming with voice channel

3G Do"
%ubstantial

new re>uirements on the radio access networ! Traffic classes

onversational, streaming, interactive, bac!ground

Ability

to specify

Traffic handling priority AllocationEretention priority $rror rates :bits andE or %D@s; Transfer delay Data rates :maFimum and guaranteed; Deliver in order :XED;

3M" ,once#ts (&)

ore networ! based on (nternet concepts

(ndependent of circuit&switched networ!s 'ac!et&switched transport for signaling and bearer traffic

@tili,e

eFisting radio infrastructure

@TRAD C "# :2& DMA; radio networ! #$RAD C #%M evolved radio networ!

@tili,e

evolving handsets

3M"

rc!itecture
Media %erver Application %erver

(nternet
#i Mb (% #iEMb Mb

%(' phone

'%
@$ %#%D
#m

H%%

(M&M#2 ##%D
#o F

MR=
Mp Mb

Mb TDM (%@'

(M%
Mw Mg

'%TD

Mn M# = '$

'& % = %ignaling % = C all %ession ontrol =unction (M&M#2 C (M&Media #ateway M# = C Media #ateway ontrol =unction MR= C Media Resource =unction

% =

%('

3M" ,once#ts (()

(n

RelI8, services controlled in home networ! :by %& % =;

But eFecuted anywhere :home, visited or eFternal networ!; and delivered anywhere
%ervice eFecution %ervice control %& % =
(% #m (% (%

Application %erver

(nternet

Media %erver

@$

'%

'& % =

Mw

Home (M% Application %ervers -isited (M% %(' phone

#m

@$

'%

'& % =

MM.

3G00( MultiMedia .o+ain

Databases AAA

rc!itecture -

(nternet
Mobile (' Home Agent M% Access #ateway Border Router ore Ko% Manager M#2 MR= %ignaling AAA C Authentication, Authori,ation / Accounting M#2 C Media #ateway M# = C Media #ateway ontrol =unction MR= C Media Resource =unction ontroller MR=' C Media Resource =unction 'rocessor MR= MR='
TDM (%@'

%(' phone

'ac!et ore

(ntegrated in '& % =

MMD
M# = %ession ontrol Manager

'%TD

'$ '&% (&% %&% .&% (M&M#2 R M# = M P '& % = M P (& % = "#'' E "#''+ mapping M P %& % = M P Border #ateway ontrol =unctions

3G Tutorial
History

and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network rc!itectures Evolving "ervices ##lications $usiness Models

Giller

##lications

ommunity and (dentity most important

'ostal mail, telephony, email, instant messaging, %M%, chat groups C community Designer clothing, ring tones C identity

(nformation

and $ntertainment also

The web, T-, movies Movies Y5"B :worldwide; :*779; 'hone service Y+85B :@% only; %ee wor! by Andrew ?dly,!oA here: http:EEwwwIdtcIumnIeduEZodly,!oEdocErecentIhtml

ontent important, but content is not !ing<

(>4G 2 3G
Do

##lication 3ssues

new !iller apps and data networ!s disparate infrastructure GsiloH based

Many potential niche applications GAll ('H mobile networ!s years away %eparate platforms for voice mail, pre&paid, Deploying innovative services difficult

-oice

$Fisting

Billing

models lag

'oor match for application&based services

Multi+odal "ervices and Multi/ ##lication 0latfor+s

ombined voice and data applications

Today, without Gall ('H infrastructure TeFt messaging plus speech recognition&enabled voice services $volve from as new services become available

Multi&application

platform

(ntegrate TDM voice and (' data %upport multiple applications =leFible billing and provisioning

"a+#le Multi+odal
Travel

##lications

information

Ma!e re>uest via voice Receive response in teFt Ma!e re>uest via voice Receive initial response in teFt #et updates while traveling via voice or %M% or rich graphics

Directions

?ne&to&many

messaging

Record message via voice or teFt Deliver message via voice, %M%, 2A', or email

More Multi+odal EAa+#les

'urchasing

famous person3s voice for your personal answering message

TeFt or voice menus -oice to hear message -oice or teFt to select :and authori,e payment;

@nified

communications response team

2hile listening to a voice message from a customer, obtain a teFt display of recent customer activity %M% and voice alert -oice conference, and teFt updates, while traveling to site of emergency

$mergency

Early .e#loy+ents

ric!et matches :Hutchinson (ndia;

%M% alert at start of coverage .ive voice coverage or teFt updates

(nformation

delivery :%=R =rance;

%M% broadcast with phone V / @R. hoice of teFt display or voice :teFt&to&speech;

Xellow

pages :'latinet (srael;

Adding voice menus to eFisting teFt&based service -oice flattens menus, eases access

Multi+odal ##lications in t!e Evolving *ireless Network

+I8# 2ireless Detwor!
'%TD M% B%

NMS HearSay So !"#o$

Pro,# e M0m" A%% #ca"#o$& 'oc!me$" Ser(er S%eec* Ser(er OAM)P Med#a Ser(er Me..a0e 1a"e2ay Pre.e$ce a$d Loca"#o$ 'a"a /a.e

T'M I$"er,ace ((o#ce) SS%M% MM% IP I$"er,ace (da"a) (nternet E ore Detwor! .ocation

%#%D

#%D

SIP

(nstant Messaging E 'resence

"# M% %erver

-oice or Data 2ireless ontrol

Pac+e" I$"er,ace ((o#ce&(#deo)

HI+)6

ore :'ac!et; Detwor!

"# M% #ateway

RD

"# 2ireless Detwor!

3G Tutorial
History

and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network rc!itectures Evolving "ervices ##lications $usiness Models

;#grade ,ost: $y Tec!nology

+# +I8# E +I98#
Sof4>are&=ar3>are 'o,4 #%M #'R% Sof4>are-8a,e3 *ncre%en4a2& DMA =ar3>are-8a,e3 Su8,4an4iaDMA DMA *F =ar3>are-8a,e3 Su8,4an4iacdma+444 Sof4>are-8a,e3 *ncre%en4aTDMA #%ME#'R%E$D#$ =ar3>are an3 ,of4>are 0i33-e of 4?e roa3 2& DMA =ar3>are-8a,e3 0i33-e of 4?e roa3

"#
Sof4>are&=ar3>are 'o,4

DMA upgrade to +I98# is eFpensiveA to "# is cheap #%M upgrade to +I8# is cheapA to "# is eFpensive TDMA upgrade to +I8#E"# is compleF Ta!eaway: AT/T and ingular have a difficult road to "#

(>4G 2 3G ;#take

3G "#ectru+ EA#ensive

G0R" ((>4G) 9ess Risky

?nly Y*8!ZY+4! per base station Allows operators to eFperiment with data plans

S But falls short because: Typically "4Z84 !bps #'R% decreases voice capacity

E.GE ,!ea#er and Gives Near/3G 0erfor+ance

* MB =ile Download %peed B#0 %in 16 %in 4.5 %in 1.1 %in 50 ,ec 66 4o 47 ,ec 1 4o 6 ,ec 1.5 ,ec 0.! 4o 1.5 ,ec

Modem .S0&+D0$ $na-o: 0o3e% .P7S *SD< 'D0$ 1 ED.E DS; @-'D0$ 'a8-e

Technology #. @ire-e,, Ci e3 ;ine Dia--up #.5. @ire-e,, Ci e3 ;ine Di:i4a#.75. @ire-e,, #.75. @ire-e,, Ci e3 ;ine DS; 6. @ire-e,, Ci e3 ;ine 'a8-e

Throughput A".6 (8p, ".6 (8p, 60-40 (8p, 1#! (8p, 144 (8p, 150 - #00 (8p, 0.7 - 1.5 08p, 1.0 08p, 1.0 - #.0 08p,

$D#$ is +I98#, with significantly higher data rates than #'R% Deploying $D#$ significantly cheaper than deploying 2& DMA Ta!eaway: .oo! for $D#$ to gain traction in +44+E+44"R

9ong 9ife for (>4G 2 (>H4G

G2e believe the shelf life of +I8# and +I98# will be significantly longer than most pundits have predictedI ?perators need to gain valuable eFperience in how to mar!et pac!et data services before pushing forward with the construction of new "# networ!sIG

%am May, @% Bancorp 'iper Baffray

?perators need to learn how to ma!e money with data .i!ely to stay many years with #'R%E$D#$E DMA *F Bottom line: wide&scale "# will be pushed out

,ritical %or 3G ,ontinued Growt! 3n ,!ina

.i!ely "# licensing outcomes: hina @nicom C cdma+444 hina Mobile C 2& DMA hina Telecom C 2& DMAE TD&% DMA1 hina Detcom C 2& DMAE TD&% DMA1

Ris!:

DMA (%&78 :+#; has been slow to launch in hina

2hy would the launch of "# be any different1

'H% :+#; with

hina TelecomEDetcom is gaining momentum

$usiness Models
@%

*alled Garden or *ide O#enI

and $uropean carriers want to capture the value C be more than Lust transport
autious partneringA %low roll out of services

Do

oMo (&Mode service primitive business model wide open

%mall screens, slow :7I5 !bps; data rate =ree development software Do access restrictions Do oMo3s Gbill&on&behalfH available for 7O share

(&Mode

(&Mode

big success in less than +) months

88,444 applications, "4M subscribers <

.o,oMo Has T!e Rig!t Model

*!en will t!e ot!ers wake u#I

$iggest T!reat to TodayJs 3G *ireless 9 Ns

=aster than "#

** or 85 Mbps vsI [+ Mbps for "# when stationary 2ith the added convenience of mobile %ame user interface :doesn3t rely on small screens; %ame programs, files, applications, 2ebsitesI

Data eFperience matches the (nternet

.ow cost, low barriers to entry ?rgani,ations can build own networ!s

.i!e the (nternet, will grow virally

?pportunity for entrepreneurs< ?pportunity for wireless operators1

dditional Reference Material

Mobile "tandard Organi7ations

0o8i-e 9pera4or, *+U 0e%8er,

*+U .S0E @-'D0$E U0+S +?ir3 .enera4ion Pa4ner,?ip ProDec4 16.PP5 *S-"55E *S-41E *S#000E *S-!65

'@+S 1'?ina5

+?ir3 .enera4ion Par4ner,?ip ProDec4 ** 16.PP#5

$7*B 1Japan5 ++' 1Japan5 ++$ 1(orea5 E+S* 1Europe5 +1 1US$5 +*$ 1US$5

0artners!i# 0ro?ect and %oru+s

(T@ (MT&+444 http:EEwwwIituIintEimt+444 Mobile 'artnership 'roLects

"#'': http:EEwwwI"gppIorg "#''+: http:EEwwwI"gpp+Iorg "# All (' =orum: http:EEwwwI"gipIorg ('v5 =orum: http:EEwwwIipv5forumIcom Mobile 2ireless (nternet =orum: http:EEwwwImwifIorg @MT% =orum: http:EEwwwIumts&forumIorg #%M =orum: http:EEwwwIgsmworldIorg @niversal 2ireless ommunication: http:EEwwwIuwccIorg #lobal Mobile %upplier: http:EEwwwIgsacomIcom

Mobile Technical =orums

Mobile Mar!eting =orums

Mobile "tandards Organi7ations

$uropean Technical %tandard (nstitute :$urope;:

http:EEwwwIetsiIorg http:EEwwwItiaonlineIorg http:EEwwwIt*Iorg http:EEwwwIcwtsIorg http:EEwwwIaribIorILpEaribEenglishE http:EEwwwIttcIorILpEeEindeFIhtml http:EEwwwIttaIorI!rEenglishEe\indeFIhtm

Telecommunication (ndustry Association :@%A;:

%tandard ommittee T* :@%A;:

hina 2ireless Telecommunication %tandard : hina;:

The Association of Radio (ndustries and Businesses :Bapan;:

The Telecommunication Technology ommittee :Bapan;:

The Telecommunication Technology Association :0orea;:

9ocation/Related Organi7ations

.(=, .ocation (nteroperability =orum

http:EEwwwIlocationforumIorgE Responsible for Mobile .ocation 'rotocol :M.'; Dow part of ?pen Mobile Alliance :?MA; http:EEwwwIopenmobileallianceIorgE onsolidates ?pen Mobile Architecture, 2A' =orum, .(=, %yncM., MM% (nteroperability #roup, 2ireless -illage http:EEwwwIopengisIorgE =ocus on standards for spatial and location information http:EEwwwIwliaonlineIcom

?MA, ?pen Mobile Alliance

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2.(A, 2ireless .ocation (ndustry Association