TOPIC 2: LINIER SYSTEMS

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
BY: RENNA MAGDALENA
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MATERIAL
EXIT
MATERIAL
AREA
PENERAPAN
EKONOMI
GAUSS-JORDAN
METHODE
ECHELON
METHODE
EQUATION
AND SOLUTION
HUBUNGAN
LINEAR
1
2
3
4
5
MENU
HUBUNGAN
LINEAR
SLIDE 3
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 1
MATERIAL
AREA
HUBUNGAN LINIER
Hubungan sebab-akibat antara
berbagai variabel ekonomi, misal:
permintaan dan harga, investasi
dan tingkat bunga.

Hubungan Linier bentuk yang
paling dasar dan paling sering
digunakan dalam analisi ekonomi.


S
L
I
D
E
1
2
HUBUNGAN
LINEAR
S
L
I
D
E
2
3
HUBUNGAN
LINEAR
Pembentukan
Persamaan LINIER
Dwi-Koordinat.


Koordinat-Lereng


Penggal-Lereng


Dwi-Penggal


) (
1 1
x x b y y =

y = a+bx

y = a
a
c
x

y y
1
y
2
y
1
=
x x
1
x
2
x
1
S
L
I
D
E
3
HUBUNGAN
LINEAR
Hubungan dua Garis Lurus
y
x
y
1
=a
1
+b
1
x
y
2
=a
2
+b
2
x
SEJAJAR
a
1
=a
2



y
x
y
1
=a
1
+b
1
x
y
2
=a
2
+b
2
x
TEGAK LURUS
b
1
=-1/b
2

y
x
y
1
=a
1
+b
1
x
y
2
=a
2
+b
2
x
BERIMPIT


y
x
y
1
=a
1
+b
1
x
y
2
=a
2
+b
2
x
BERPOTONGAN
b
1
=b
2

EQUATION
AND SOLUTION
SLIDE 3
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 1
MATERIAL
AREA
SLIDE 6
SLIDE 5
SLIDE 4
Various Systems of Equations
and Solution #01
1) Sistem Persamaan Linier Dua Variabel (SPLDV).
Bentuk umum dari sistem persamaan linier dengan
dua peubah x dan y adalah
a
1
x + b
1
y = c
1

a
2
x + b
2
y = c
2
dengan a
1
, b
1
, c
1
, a
2
, b
2
, c
2
e
bilangan real.

Cara Penyelesaiannya :
Metode Grafik
Penyelesaian SPLDV dengan metode grafik
adalah koordinat titik potong grafik kedua
garis dari persamaan-persamaan liniernya.
Titik P pada gambar berikut merupakan
penyelesaian SPLDV.
a
1
x + b
1
y = c
1

a
2
x + b
2
y = c
2


Y
X
a
1
x + b
1
y = c
1
P
a
2
x + b
2
y = c
2
Various Systems of Equations
and Solution #02
Metode Eliminasi
Langkah-langkah menyelesaikan
SPLDV dengan metode Eliminiasi :
1. Samakan koefisien x dan y dengan cara
mengalikan dengan konstanta yang sesuai.

2. Lakukan operasi penjumlahan atau
pengurangan pada kedua persamaan untuk
mendapatkan nilai x = x
1
atau y = y
1
.

3. Himpunan penyelesainnya adalah {(x
1
, y
1
)}

Various Systems of Equations and
Solution #03
Metode Eliminasi
Contoh : Carilah nilai variabel x dan y dari
dua persamaan berikut : 2x + 3y = 21
x + 4y = 23
Penyelesaian :
2x + 3y = 21 x1 2x + 3y = 21
x + 4y = 23 x2 2x + 8y = 46
maka,
2x + 3y = 21
2x + 8y = 46
-5y = -25
y = 5, sehingga x = 3
Various Systems of Equations
and Solution #04
Metode Substitusi
Langkah-langkah menyelesaikan
SPLDV dengan metode Substitusi :
1. Nyatakan salah satu persamaan dalam
bentuk y = ax + b atau x = cy + d.
2. Substitusikan y (atau x) pada langkah
pertama ke persamaan yang lainnya.
3. Selesaikan persamaan untuk
mendapatkan nilai x = x
1
atau y = y
1
.
4. Substitusikan nilai x = x
1
yang diperoleh
untuk mendapatkan y
1
atau
substitusikan nilai y
1
yang diperoleh
untuk mendapatkan x
1
.
5. Himpunan penyelesaiaannya adalah
{(x
1
, y
1
)}.
Various Systems of Equations and
Solution #05
Metode Substitusi
Contoh : Carilah nilai variabel x dan y dari dua
persamaan berikut : 2x + 3y = 21
x + 4y = 23
Penyelesaian :
2x + 3y = 21 x = 23 - 4y
2(23 - 4y) + 3y = 21
46 - 8y + 3y = 21
46 - 5y = 21
maka,
25 = 5y
y = 5, sehingga x = 3
Various Systems of Equations and
Solution #06
Metode Determinan
Nilai x dan y dapat diperoleh dari :

dan atau


dan , D = 0

Catatan : =determinan
matriks
= ad bc


y =
a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2

x =
D
x
D

y =
D
y
D

a b
c d

a b
c d



(

(

x =
c
1
b
1
c
2
b
2
a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2

x =
D
x
D
ECHELON
METHODE
SLIDE 3
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 1
MATERIAL
AREA
SLIDE 5
SLIDE 4
THE ECHELON METHOD #1

A systematic approach for solving systems of
equations using the three transformations is
called the echelon method.

Transformations of a system :
Exchanging any two equations.
Multiplying both sides of an equation by
any nonzero real number.
Replacing any equation by a nonzero
multiple of that equation plus a nonzero
multiple of any other equation.
THE ECHELON METHOD #2

If possible, arrange the equations so that
there is an x
1
-term in the first equation, an
x
2
-term in the second equation, and so on.
Eliminate the x
1
-term in the all equations
after the first equation.
Eliminate the x
2
-term in the all equations
after the second equation.
Eliminate the x
3
-term in the all equations
after the third equation.
Continue in this way until the last equation
has the form ax
n
= k, for contants a and k, if
possible.
Use back-substitution to find the value of
each variable.
THE ECHELON METHOD
example #1
Solve the system 2x + 3y = 12
(1)
3x - 4y = 1
(2)

Solution : We will first use transformation 3 to eliminate
the x-term from equation (2). We multiply equation (1) by
3 and add the result to -2 times equation (2).
6x + 9y + (-6x + 8y) = 36 +(-2)
17y = 34
We will indicate this process by the notation
3R
1
+ (-2)R
2
R
2
. (R stands for row)
Then new system is 2x + 3y = 12
(1)
3R
1
+ (-2)R
2
R
2
17y = 34
(3)

Now we use transformation 2 to make the coefficient of
the first term in each row equal to 1.

THE ECHELON METHOD
example #2
Here, we must multiply equation (1) by 1/2 and equation
(3) by 1/17 to accomplish this.

We get the system
1/2 R
1
R
1
x + (3/2)y = 6
1/17 R
2
R
2
y = 2

Back-subtitution gives
x + (3/2) (2) = 6
x + 3 = 6
x = 3
y
x
3x - 4y = 1
2x + 3y = 12
(3, 2)
THE ECHELON METHOD
example #3
Solving a System of Equations with No Solution.

Solve the system
3x - 2y = 4 (1)
-6x + 4y = 7 (2)

Solution : Eliminate x in equation (2) to get the system
3x - 2y = 4 (1)
2R
1
+ R
2
0 = 15 (3)



0 = constant No Solution
0 = 0 Infinitely many Solutions
y
x
-6x + 4y = 7
3x - 2y = 4
GAUSS-JORDAN
METHODE
SLIDE 3
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 1
MATERIAL
AREA
SLIDE 6
SLIDE 5
SLIDE 4
The Gauss-Jordan METHOD
#1

The Gauss-Jordan Method is an extension
of the echelon method of solving system.

Before The Gauss-Jordan Method can be
used, the system must be in proper form :
the term with variables should be on the left
and the constant on the right in each
equation, with the variables in the same
order in each equation.
The Gauss-Jordan METHOD
#2

Write each equation so that variable terms are in
the same order on the left side of the equals
sign and contants are on the right.
Write the augmented matrix that correspends to
the system.
Use row operations to transform the first column
so that all elements except the elemen in the
first row are zero.
Use row operations to transform the second
column so that all elements except the elemen
in the second row are zero.
Use row operations to transform the third
column so that all elements except the elemen
in the third row are zero.
Continue in this way, when possible, until the
last row is written in the form :
[0 0 0 . . . 0 j | k],
Multiply each row by the reciprocal of the
nonzero element in that row.
The Gauss-Jordan METHOD
example #1

Solve the system 3x - 4y = 1 (1)
5x + 2y = 19 (2)

Solution : The system is already in proper from for use of
the Gauss-Jordan method.
Given Matrix


5R
1
+ (-3)R
2
R
2


We change the -4 in row 1 to 0

-4R
1
+ 26R
1
R
1


Then we change the first nonzero number in each row to 1
1/78R
1
R
1
x = 3

-1/26R
2
R
2
y = 2


3 4
5 2



1
19
(

(

3 4
0 26



1
52
(

(

78 0
0 26



234
52
(

(

1 0
0 1



3
2
(

(
The Gauss-Jordan METHOD
example #2
Solving a System of Equations with No Solution
Solve the system x + y = 2
2x + 2y = 5

Solution : Begin by writing the augmented matrix.



To get zero for the second element in column 1,
multiply the numbers in row 1 by -2 and add the
results to corresponding elements in row 2.

-2R
1
+ R
2
R
2


This matrix corresponds to the system
x + y = 2

0x + 0y = 1

1 1
2 2



2
5
(

(

1 1
0 0



2
1
(

(
The Gauss-Jordan METHOD
example #3
Solving a System of Equations with an Infinite
Number of Solutions
Solve the system
x + 2y - z = 0

3x - y + z = 6

-2x - 4y + 2z = 0
Solution : The augmented Matrix is




We first get zeros in the second and third rows of
column 1
-3R
1
+ R
2
R
2

2R
1
+ R
3
R
3

2R
2
+ 7R
1
R
1


1 2 1
3 1 1
2 4 2





0
6
0
(

(
(
(

7 0 1
0 7 4
0 0 0





12
6
0
(

(
(
(
The Gauss-Jordan METHOD
example #4

Solving a System of Equations with an Infinite Number of
Solutions
We cannot get a zero for the first row, third-column element
without changing the form of the first two columns. We must
multiply each of the first two rows by the reciprocal of the first
nonzero number.

1/7R
1
R
1

1/7R
2
R
2



To complete the solution, write the equations that correspond to
the first two rows of the matrix





Solution : For example, z = 2 and z =
12
(10/7,2/7,2) and
(0,6,12)


12 z
7
,
4z 6
7
, z
|
\

|
.
|

y
4
7
z =
6
7

x +
1
7
z =
12
7

1 0
1
7
3 1
4
7
0 0 0







12
7

6
7
0
(

(
(
(
(
(
PENERAPAN
EKONOMI
SLIDE 3
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 1
MATERIAL
AREA
Penerapan Ekonomi
example #1

FUNGSI ANGGARAN #1
Fungsi Anggaran mencerminkan batas
maksimum kemampuan seorang produsen
membeli dua macam masukan (input) atau
lebih, berkenaan dengan jumlah dana yang
tersedia dan harga masing-masing masukan.

M = xP
x
+ yP
y


Pada Teori Produksi Pada Teori Konsumsi
M : jumlah dana produsen M : jumlah pendapatan
konsumen
x : jumlah masukan X x : jumlah keluaran X
y : jumlah masukan Y y : jumlah keluaran Y
P
x
: harga X per unit P
x
: harga X per unit
P
y
: harga Y per unit P
y
: harga Y per unit

Penerapan Ekonomi
example #1

FUNGSI ANGGARAN #2
Bentuklah persamaan anggaran seorang konsumen
untuk barang X dan barang Y apabila pendapatan yang
disediakannya sebesar Rp. 100.000,- sedangkan harga
barang X dan barang Y masing-masing Rp. 500,- dan
Rp. 1.000,- per unit. Jika semua pendapatan yang
dianggarkan dibelanjakan untuk barang X, berapa unit X
yang dapat dibelinya ? Berapa unit Y dapat dibeli kalau
ia hanya membeli 100 unit X ?

Solusi : M = xP
x
+ yP
y

100.000 = x.500 + y.1000
100.000 = 500x + 1000y
Jika semua pendapatan dibelanjakan untuk barang X (y = 0), maka
jumlah X yang dapat dibeli : x = M/ P
x
= 100.000/500 = 200 unit

Kalau x = 100, maka : M = xP
x
+ yP
y

100.000 = 500x + 1000y
100.000 = (100)500+ 1000y y 50 unit

Penerapan Ekonomi
example #2

FUNGSI INVESTASI #1
Permintaan akan investasi merupakan fungsi
dari tingkat bunga. Jika investasi dilambangkan
dengan huruf I dan tingkat bunga (interest rate)
dilambangkan dengan huruf i, maka secara
umum fungsi (permintaan) investasi dapat
dituliskan sebagai :

I = f(i)
I = I
0
- pi

I
o
= investasi otonom
i = tingkat bunga
p = proporsi I terhadap i
Penerapan Ekonomi
example #2

FUNGSI INVESTASI #2
Jika permintaan akan investasi ditunjukkan
oleh I = 250 - 500i, berapa besarnya investasi
pada saat tingkat bunga bank yang berlaku
setinggi 12% ? Berapa pula investasi bila
tingkat bunga tersebut 30% ?

Solusi : I = 250 - 500i
Jika i = 12% = 0,12 Jika i = 30% = 0,30
I = 250 - 500i I = 250 - 500i
I = 250 - 500(0,12) I = 250-500(0,30)
= 250 - 60 = 250 -150
= 190 = 100


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