Chapter 1 Viscosity and Mechanisms of Momentum Transport

CONCEPT OF VISCOSITY

Friction is felt only when you move either slower or faster than the other passengers. The extent of friction depends on the type of clothes they are wearing. It is this type of clothes that gives rise to the concept of viscosity.

Example of two parallel plates

Top layer stationary, Bottom layer moves with constant velocity V A fluid is filled between the plates No slip condition between fluid and plates at both the plate surfaces Flow is laminar Shear force acting on the second molecular layer of fluid is due to the difference in the velocities of the two adjacent layers

Y x

t<0

Fluid initially at rest

t=0
x

Lower plate set in motion

Velocity buildup in unsteady flow

V small t

y x

vx(y, t)

vx(y)

y x

large t V

Final velocity distribution in steady flow

Common sense suggests the following. 1. A constant force F is required to maintain the motion of lower plate 2. This force is directly proportional to 1. Area of plates 2. Velocity of lower plate 3. This force is inversely proportional to 1. Distance between the plates

Mathematical Interpretation Of Common Sense

F V A Y F V A Y

The force applied, F is the shear force

V/Y is the gradient or slope

dv V x Y dy

The shear stress exerted in the x-direction on a fluid surface of constant y by the fluid in the region of lesser y is designated as Shear Stress fluid surface of constant y, Shear force on unit area perpendicular to the y-direction
The shear stress is moving in the direction of y because the bottom layer of fluid exerts a shear stress on the next layer which then exerts a shear stress on subsequent layer

yx
x-direction

Shear stress is induced by the motion of the plate. Shear stress can be induced by a pressure gradient or a gravity force. Pressure force is a force acting on a surface while the gravity force is the force acting on a fluid volume

The shear stress is a function of 1. Velocity gradient 2. Properties of the fluid

yx

dvx dy

Where, vx = fluid velocity in the x-direction = fluid viscosity, a property of the fluid, not the physical system If this functional dependence is linear fluids are called Newtonian Fluids If this functional dependence is non-linear fluids are called Non-Newtonian Fluids

 yx

dvx dy

The momentum goes downhill from a region of high velocity to the region of low velocity, same as heat flows from higher temperature towards lower. This velocity gradient (dvx/dy) is the driving force for the momentum transport.

Viscosity divided by density = / Units of Quantities yx = N/m2, x = m/s, y = m = Pa.s

Viscosity data for water and air, for other gases and liquids is provided in the tables in the text book. See Example 1.1-1

For gases at low density the viscosity increases with the increase in temperature. In gases momentum is transported by the molecules in free flight between collisions.

For liquids the viscosity usually decreases with increase in temperature. In liquids the momentum transport takes place by the virtue of intermolecular forces that pairs of molecules experience.

In this equation the velocity is considered only in x-direction while vy and vz are zero.

yx

dvx dy

But usually three velocity components depend on all the three co-ordinates and time. Therefore this relation needs to be generalized.

What do you mean by generalization? What are the vectors? What are the tensors?

Consider a general flow pattern Velocity may be in various directions at different places and also depends on time. The velocity components will be: vx = vx (x,y,z,t) vy = vy (x,y,z,t) vz= vz (x,y,z,t)

A small cube-shaped volume element within the flow field, each face having unit area. The center is at position x, y, z

Slice the volume element in such a way as to remove half the fluid within it. Cut the volume perpendicular to each of the three coordinates i.e. x , y and z.

Two types of forces will contribute: Pressure forces Viscous forces

Pressure Forces
Pressure force will always be perpendicular to the exposed surface. These will be exerted either the fluid is stationary or in motion.

Force per unit area on this surface is:

Pressure( scalar)

Unit vector in x direction

Similarly for this face

Force per unit area on this surface is:

Pressure( scalar)

Unit vector in y direction

Similarly for this face

Force per unit area on this surface is:

Pressure( scalar)

Unit vector in z direction

Viscous Forces

These come into play when there exist velocity gradient in the fluid. Neither perpendicular to the surface element, nor parallel to it. Exist at some angle to the surface. In the last figures the viscous forces are: x , y , z These forces have components, for example: x has components xx , xy , xz y has components yx , yy , yz z has components zx , zy , zz

These include both types of stresses i.e. thermodynamic pressure and viscous stresses.

Where i and j may be x, y, or z

Normal Stresses

Shear Stresses

The quantities having one subscript associated with the coordinate directions are called vectors. The quantities having two subscripts associated with the coordinate directions are called tensors. So, is viscous stress tensor and is molecular stress tensor. Appendix A