, 8 2014 Ch.

3 Network Analysis- Part I 1

Example 4
For the given circuit, determine
(a) the value of current I,
(b) the power absorbed by the dependent source, and
(c) the resistance seen by the independent voltage source.
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, 8 2014 Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I 2
Solution :
(a) Applying Ohms law to the 4- resistor, gives V
1
= 4I .
Therefore, the value of dependent voltage source is 4.5V
1

= 4.5(4I) = 18I. By applying KVL,
24 4 2 18 0 I I I I + = = 2A
(b) For the dependent source, the power absorbed is
1
2 2
(4.5 )( ) 4.5(4 )( )
18 18( 2)
P V I I I
I
= =
= = = 72 W
What is the meaning of negative sign ?
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, 8 2014 Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I 3
(c) The resistance seen by the independent
voltage source,
24 24
2
R
I
= = =

12
What is the meaning of negative sign ?
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Ans. : The remainder circuit supplies power to
the independent voltage source.
4



1.11 Voltage Divider Rule:-
The voltage across one of the series resistors is the total
voltage times the ratio of its resistance to the total
resistance.
5
1.12 Current Divider Rule:-

Current division is dual of voltage division.
2 1
1
2
2 1
2
2
2 1
2
1
2 1
1
1
R R
R
i i or
G G
G
i i
R R
R
i i or
G G
G
i i
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
6
7
8
9
10

1.13 STAR-DELTA TRASFORMATION:-
11
If we were to connect a source between terminals a and b
of the Y, the resistance between the terminals would be
R
ab
= R
1
+R
2
eq.1
But the resistance between terminals a and b of the is
R
ab
= R
C
(R
A
+R
B
) eq.2
Combining eq. 1 & eq. 2 we get,

Using a similar approach between terminals b and c, we get
Eq. 3
12
and between terminals c and a we get
Eq. 4
Eq. 5
If Equation 4 is subtracted from Equation 3 , then
Eq. 6
13
Now Adding Equations 5 and 6, we get

Using a similar approach, we obtain
Notice that any resistor connected to a point of the Y is
obtained by finding the product of the resistors connected to
the same point in the and then dividing by the sum of
all the resistances.
14
If all the resistors in a circuit have the same value, R,
then the resulting resistors in the equivalent Y network will
also be equal and have a value given as,


, 8 2014 Ch. 2 Ohm's Law 15
(a) Star (Y) connection (b) Delta () connection
Star-Delta Connections :
Two ways of connecting three resistors across three
points.
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, 8 2014 Ch. 2 Ohm's Law 16
Star-to-Delta Transformation
Same way, we can derive,
B C
1 B C
A
R R
R R R
R
= + +
C A
2 C A
B
R R
R R R
R
= + +
A B
3 A B
C
R R
R R R
R
= + +
Remember
The sum of the two nearest
resistances plus the
product of the same two
resistances divided by the
third resistance.
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18
19
20
21




UNIT-2
NETWORK ANALYSIS
22

2.1 KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW (KCL):-
It states that the algebraic sum of all currents entering
a node is zero. Mathematically:
Currents are positive if entering a node
Currents are negative if leaving a node.
Example:
23
Applying Kirchhoff's current law:

I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
+ I
4
= 0

(the negative sign in I
2
indicates that I
2
has a magnitude
of 3A and is flowing in the direction opposite to that
indicated by the arrow)
Substituting:
5 - 3 + I
3
+ 2 = 0 Therefore, I
3
= - 4A (ie 4A
leaving node)
24

2.2 KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (KVL):-
It states that the algebraic sum of the voltage drops
around any loop, open or closed, is zero. Mathematically
Example:
Going round the loop in the direction of the current, I,
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law gives:
10- 2I - 3I = 0
25
- 2I and - 3I are negative, since they are voltage drops
i.e. represent a decrease in potential on proceeding
round the loop in the direction of I. For the same reason +
10V is positive as it is a voltage rise or increase in potential.

Concluding:
5 I = 10 Therefore, I = 2A
, 8 2014 26
Polarity of Voltages
Note that polarity of the voltage (emf) across a
battery does not depend upon the assumed
direction of current.
, 8 2014 Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I 27
Applying KVL
1. Select a closed loop.
2. Mark the voltage polarity (+ and -) across
each element in the closed loop.
3. Go round the selected loop, and add up all
the voltages with + or signs.
4. Any one of the following two rules can be
followed :
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, 8 2014 Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I 28
(i) Rule 1 : While travelling, if you meet a voltage
rise, write the voltage with positive sign ; if you
meet a voltage drop, write the voltage with
negative sign.
(ii) Rule 2 : While travelling, write the voltage
with positive sign if + is encountered first; write
the voltage with negative sign if is encountered
first.
We shall be following Rule 1, as it has a strong
analogy with the physical height (altitude) of a
place.
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, 8 2014 Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I 29
Example 5 : Use KVL to find v
R2
and v
x
.
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, 8 2014 Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I 30
For finding v
R2
, we write KVL eqn. going
around loop abgha clockwise :
If you choose to go around the loop
anticlockwise, you get
Giving the same result.
V 32 0 4 36
2 2
= = +
R R
v v
V 32 0 36 4
2 2
= = + +
R R
v v
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, 8 2014 Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I 31
There are two ways to determine v
x

1) We can consider this voltage as the voltage
across the gap from d to f. Writing KVL
(habcdfgh) :
2) Knowing v
R2
, apply a short-cut (bcdfgb) :
V 6 =
= +
x
x
v
v 0 14 12 36 4
V 6 =
= +
x
x
v
v 0 32 14 12
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, 8 2014 Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I 32
Example 6 : Find the current supplied by
the 60-V source in the network.
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, 8 2014 Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I 33
Solution :
We need not find the currents I
1
, I
2
and I
3
.
Instead, we reduce the network.
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, 8 2014 Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I 34
Example 7 : Determine the value of
current I .

2 3 I 4 = 0 or I = -5 A
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, 8 2014 Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I 35
Example 8
Using KCL and KVL, determine the currents i
x
and i
y
in the network shown.
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, 8 2014 Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I 36
Solution : Using KCL, the currents in other branches are
marked as shown. Writing KVL equations for the loops
1, 2 and 3,
50 3 5 3
0 ) ( 3 50 2
50 2 2 7
0 2 ) ( 2 50 5
100 10 0 5
0 5 10 100
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
= + +
= +
= + +
= + +
=
I I I
I I I I
I I I
I I I I
I I I
I I
y x
y x y
y x
y x x
y x
x
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, 8 2014 Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I 37
;
50
50
100
3 5 3
2 2 7
10 0 5
1
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

I
I
I
y
x
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Writing the above equations in matrix form,
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Using Calculator, we solve for I
x
and I
y
,
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; and
x y
I I = = 3.87 A 0.51 A