Refrigeration Technology

Chapter 1
1.2 Basic concept of 1)thermodynamic, 2)Vapour compression cycle, and 3) Vapour absorption cycle

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Refrigeration Technology

1) A review thermodynamic concept 1.1 Concept of systems 1.2) Characteristics of systems 1.3) Zeroth law of thermodynamics 1.4) The first law of thermodynamics and energy 1.5) Change of state 1.6) Properties of a pure substance 1.7) Properties of perfect gas 1.8) Heat transfer

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1.1 Concept of systems

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1.2) Characteristics of systems

Path of the process

A system of two phases

A cyclic process

Properties -mass, energy, pressure, volume, and temperature -Two types of properties; extensive and intensive. -Intensive properties (independent of mass) (pressure and temperature) -Extensive is mass dependent. (the values is varies with the mass and size of the system and change with time (mass, volume, energy)
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Thermal equilibrium T constant every place Mechanical equilibrium P constant every place. Process system changes from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state. Cycle A number of changes of states from initial state and finally returns to it initial state. A cycle may have different processes.

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Intensive properties: Specific volume, pressure, and temperature Specific volume, The specific volume of a substance is defined as the volume per unit mass

: v = V/m
Pressure, Normal component of force per unit of area. :

P = f/A 1 atm = 101,325 pascal

Temperature

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1.3 Temperature and zeroth law of thermodynamics

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1.4) The first law of thermodynamics and energy

Heat : Form of the energy transferred across the boundary temperature differences (Q > 0 absorb), (Q < 0 release)

Heat work = Energy dQ dW = dE

Work : Body moves through a distance by the action of a force.

Enthalpy : the heat transfer during the process is given in terms of change. Depend on the state: H = U + pV

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1.5 The change of state

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The change of state

Point 1 : More heat to water, the temperature start rising (sensible heat). Point 2: As more heat slowly added to the water the temperature is found rise till it reaches 100 degree. Point 3: Continuing to add heat (mixture between vapor and liquid), no found increasing of temperature (latent heat of vaporization). Point 4. Continuing to add heat the liquid becomes a saturated vapor. Point 5. Further heating will results in creasing the temperature of the vapor (steam). Sensible heat process.

Latent heat : when heat supply or removed from the substance, produces a change of state, but not change in temperature.

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1.6) Properties of a pure substance Saturation Temperature: The temperature at which vaporization at a given pressure. Saturation pressure: The pressure at saturation temperature . Saturated liquid: A substance is called the saturated liquid if it exists as liquid at the saturation temperature. Sub cooled liquid : A substance is called subcooled liquid if it exists as liquid at saturation pressure but below the saturation temperature. Quality of substance: Substance exists ar part liquid and part of vapor at the saturation temperature. (Ratio of mass of vapor/to the total mass). Saturated vapor: A substance is called saturated vapour if it exist as vapor at saturation temperature. 10

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1.7) Properties of the perfect gas

The region of high temperature, above the critical point The region of low pressure, the pressure of one atmosphere or less Taking mass into account, the equation of state of a perfect gas pV = mRT (R = Universal gas constant, Developed 11 by Robert Boyle)

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1.8) Heat transfer

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2) Vapour compression cycle

2.1 Refrigerator and Heat pump 2.2 Basic cycle theory 2.3 Ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle 2.4 Practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle 2.5 Multi pressure vapour compression cycles 2.6 Heat Pumps (Heat pump cycle analysis)

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Refrigeration Technology 2.1 Refrigerator and Heat pump

1. Refrigerant compressed in the mechanical compressor 2. Two main applications of the vapour compression cycle, namely refrigerators, and heat pumps. 3. When the removing heat to cool air (aircond). Fig 1 4. When the absorb heat to hot air (heat pump). Fig 2.

Fig. 1: Air-cond

Fig. 2:Heat pump

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Refrigeration Technology 2.1 Basic cycle theory

The processes of the carnot cycle:

Fig. 3: The T s diagram of carnot cycle

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Refrigeration Technology 2.1 Basic cycle theory

The processes of the reversed carnot cycle (Fig. 4):

Heat absorbed by the refrigerant in process 1 2, is the heat removed from the space or material being cooled, and is called the refrigerating effects (RE). The index of performance of a refrigeration cycle is the coefficient of performance (COP).

Fig. 4: The T s diagram of reversed carnot cycle

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Refrigeration Technology 2.1 Basic cycle theory

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Refrigeration Technology 2.3 Ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle

Fig. 6 Ideal vapour compression cycle

1 -2 Isothermal heat absorption of low temperature heat energy in the evaporator 2 3 Isentropic compression by the compressor to condensor pressure 3 4 Heat rejection through constant pressure cooling in the condensor 4 1 Adiabatic expansion through a throttling device which meters the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator in response to the load

Fig 5: Simple vapour compression cycle

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Refrigeration Technology 2.3 Ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle

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Refrigeration Technology 2.3 Ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle

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Refrigeration Technology 2.4 Practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle

Fig. 7 : Simplified practical cycles

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Refrigeration Technology 2.4 Practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle

Degree of sub cooling - To ensure that no vapor enters the expansion valve and furthermore it increases the refrigerating effect - The refrigerant superheated before leaving the evaporator to make sure that only dry vapor will enter the compressor. - During the compression process, there are irreversibility and heat transfer either to or from the surroundings. - Due the friction the pressure of the liquid leaving the condensor will be less than the pressure of the vapor entering it, caused to Pressure drop in the evaporator. - COP in practical have a lower than the reversed carnot cycle when operating in the same temperature limits.

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Refrigeration Technology 2.4 Practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle

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Fig. 8: Schematic diagram of refrigeration cycle showing a typical temperatures and pressures for a summer cooling operation

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Refrigeration Technology 2.4 Practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle

Fig. 9 : Problem 1

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Refrigeration Technology 2.4 Practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle

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Refrigeration Technology 2.4 Practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle

Fig. 10 Problem 2

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Refrigeration Technology 2.4 Practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle

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Refrigeration Technology 2.5 Multi pressure compression refrigeration cycle

-multi product cold store storing different products as difference temperatures. -Ideally, this can achieved by employing two independent systems.

Fig. 11 Multi pressure compression cycle

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Refrigeration Technology 2.5 Multi pressure compression refrigeration cycle

-The vapour is compressed isentropically by the low pressure compressor to the intermediate pressure (state 2). -The refrigerant (precooled) in a water intercooler to state 2. -Superheated discharge gas from the low stage compressor at state 2 bubbles through the liquid in the intercooler and thus gets cooled to the saturation temperature at the pressure of the flash camber (state 7), and a part of the liquid evaporates which goes to the higher stage along with the vapour from the lower stage (stage 3). -The refrigerant at state 3 enters the compressor and compressed to state 4. It then enters the condensor and after condensing leaves the condensor in saturated liquid condition (state 5). It then expands through the expansion value to state 6. Saturated liquid at the cycle intermediate pressure and temperature is drawn from the flash intercooler and throttled the low stage expansion value. The liquid and vapor mixture enter the evaporator at stage 8 and leave at state 1.

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Fig. 12 Multi compressor

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Refrigeration Technology 2.5 Multi pressure compression refrigeration cycle

-To improved the refrigerant effect and powered requirement decreased by pre cooling the liquid just before the final expansion into the evaporator or flash intercooler. The flash intercooler is the pressure vessel, a fixed liquid level is maintained by a float valve. The water cooled intercooler for multistage air compression.
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Refrigeration Technology 2.5 Multi pressure compression refrigeration cycle

- To be maintained at various temperature levels. For cold store there may be different rooms for different products maintained at different temperatures.
Fig. 13 multi evaporator system

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Refrigeration Technology 2.5 Multi pressure compression refrigeration cycle

To produces of low temperatures (-75 deg). Cascade means the series of refrigerants with progressively lower boiling points may be used in series of single stage units. - The cascade condensor is the common intermediate heat exchanger which server as the condenser of the low temperature stage and evaporator of the high temperature stage. In this case R 13 is condesed and R 22 is evaporated in the cascade condenser. 32

Fig. 14 Cascade system

-not efficient, but its primarily to obtain a lower temperature. -Low evaporating temperature, with high boiling refrigerant, very low pressure in evaporator and large suction volume. -With low boiling, extremely high pressure in condensor, low COP.

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Refrigeration Technology 2.6 Heat pump

Fig. 15 Heat pump

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Refrigeration Technology 2.6 Heat pump

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Fig. 16 schematic diagram T s, T- h, and reversing valve operation

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3) Vapour absorption cycle 3.1) Simple absorption refrigerator 3.2) Comparison of vapour compression and obsorption cycle 3.3)Absorption cycle analysis

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3.1) Simple absorption refrigerator

An absorption refrigerator is Absorption refrigerators are a popular alternative to regular compressor refrigerators where electricity is unreliable, costly, or unavailable, where noise from the compressor is problematic, The compressor is subtituted by a generator, an absorber and a pump.

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3.1) Simple absorption refrigerator

Types of absorption refrigeration cycle

Absorption machines are commercially available today in two basic configurations.

Absorption refrigeration cycle

LITHIUM BROMIDE/WATER REFRIGERATION CYCLE above 32F (primarily air conditioning), the cycle uses lithium bromide as the absorbent and water as the refrigerant.

AMMONIA/WATER REFRIGERATION CYCLE

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below 32F, an ammonia/water cycle is employed with ammonia as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent.Hamid Yusoff

Refrigeration Technology 3.2) Comparison vapour compression Vs. vapour absorption

Comparison of simple vapour compression and vapour absorption cycles

Refrigeration Technology 3.2) Comparison vapour compression Vs. vapour absorption

Absorption System a) Uses low grade energy like heat. Therefore, may be worked on exhaust systems from I.C engines,etc. b) Moving parts are only in the pump, which is a small element of the system. Hence operation is smooth. c) The system can work on lower evaporator pressures also without affecting the COP. d) Automatic operation for controlling the capacity is easy.
Advantages 1. By solar energy refrigeration operation costs will be kept to a minimum. 2. used to keep various medicines cool for extended lengths of time. 3. great benefit to anyone when there is no bill associated with its operation.

Compression System a)Using high-grade energy like mechanical work. b) Moving parts are in the compressor. Therefore, more wear, tear and noise. c) The COP decreases considerably with decrease in evaporator pressure.

d) It is difficult.

Disadvantages Two of the primary disadvantages of absorption chillers 1. are their size and weight, and their requirement for largerapproximately 1/3 greater than electric chillers of the same size. 2. An absorption chiller of the same size as an electric chiller can use the same cooling tower but its capacity and efficiency will be reduced.

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3.3)Absorption cycle analysis

Schematic representation of an aqua ammonia absorption cycle

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3.3)Absorption cycle analysis

The absorption cooling cycle can be described in three phases: 1.Evaporation: A liquid refrigerant evaporates in a low partial pressure environment, thus extracting heat from its surroundings. 2.Absorption: The gaseous refrigerant is absorbed dissolved into another liquid reducing its partial pressure in the evaporator and allowing more liquid to evaporate. 3.Regeneration: The refrigerant-laden liquid is heated, causing the refrigerant to evaporate out. It is then condensed through a heat exchanger to replenish the supply of liquid refrigerant in the evaporator.

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3.3)Absorption cycle analysis

COP abs = rate of refrigeration/rate of heat supply to the generator

And considering pump work COP abs = RE/Q + Wp

Q= is the heat supplied to the generator Wp is the heat pump

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THANK YOU.

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