Density examples
density / kg m-3
Interstellar medium
density / kg m-3
10-25 to 10-15
0.0989 0.179
1.29 700
0.534
1000
850 to 1400
7 900
11 300 13 500
19 100
19 300 22 610 150 000 1017
2 700
black hole
> 4 x 1017
Question
Calculate the weight of a gold ingot of dimensions (20 x 10 x 4) cm
Complete: Answers
density mass volume
240 g
3000 kg m-3 0.80 g cm-3 9 kg 4500 kg
40 cm3
80 cm3 0.003 m3
Hookes law
The force (F ) needed to stretch a spring is directly proportional to the extension (L ) of a spring from its natural length.
F L
Adding a constant of proportionality:
F = k L
k is called the spring constant The spring constant is the force required to produce an extension of one metre. unit = Nm-1
Elastic limit
Up to a certain extension if the force is removed the spring will return to its original length. The spring is said to be behaving elastically.
If this critical extension is exceeded, known as the elastic limit, the spring will be permanently stretched.
Plastic behaviour then occurs and Hookes law is no longer obeyed by the spring.
Question
A spring of natural length 15cm is extended by 3cm by a force of 6N. Calculate (a) the spring constant and (b) the length of the spring if a force of 18N is applied.
Tensile stress ()
A stretching force is also called a tensile force. Tensile stress = tensile force cross-section area =F/A unit Pa (pascal) or Nm-2 Note: 1 Pa = 1 Nm-2
Breaking stress
This is the stress required to cause a material to break.
Tensile strain ()
Tensile strain = extension original length
= L / L
unit none (its a ratio like pi)
Question
A wire of natural length 2.5 m and diameter 0.5 mm is extended by 5 cm by a force of 40 N. Calculate: (a) the tensile strain (b) the tensile stress (c) the force required to break the wire if its breaking stress is 1.5 x 109 Pa.
Also:
Therefore:
E = (F / A) (L / L)
E= F L A L
Question 1
Calculate the tensile strain caused to a steel wire when put under 4.0 x 10 7 Pa of stress.
Question 2
A metal wire of original length 1.6m, cross sectional area 0.8 mm2 extends by 4mm when stretched by a tensile force of 200N. Calculate the wires (a) strain, (b) stress (c) Young Modulus.
Measurement of E
With equal control and test weights of 10N adjust the micrometer attached to the test wire so that the spirit level between the two wires is horizontal. Note the reading on the micrometer and also the length of the test, L wire using a metre ruler.
rigid support
long wires
micrometer
Use another micrometer to measure the diameter of the test wire at various places along the wire and calculate an average value, D.
control weight
test weights
Measurement of E
Calculate the average crosssection area of the wire, A from A = D2/4 Add an additional load, F of 5N to the test wire. Readjust the micrometer to bring the spirit level again and note the new reading
hinge rigid support
long wires
spirit level
micrometer
control weight
test weights
Measurement of E
Calculate:
(a) the extension, L caused by the addition of 5N to the test wire. (b) the tensile strain, produced in the wire using: = L/ L (c) the tensile stress, applied to the wire using: = F / A
hinge rigid support
long wires
spirit level
micrometer
Measurement of E
Stop before the strain reaches 0.01 in order to prevent the wire exceeding its limit of proportionality (just before the elastic limit).
Draw a graph of stress against strain. This should be a straight line through the origin. Measure the gradient of this graph which will be equal to the Young Modulus, E of the test wire.
Stress, / Pa
Gradient =/=E 0
Strain,
strain
strain
Y2
strain
strain
strain
copper
strain
extension
and so:
0 extension L
Stretching rubber
The work done in stretching rubber up to extension L is equal to the area under the loading curve. The unloading curve for rubber is different from its loading curve. When the rubber is unloaded only the energy equal to the area under the unloading curve is returned. The area between the two curves is the energy transferred to internal energy, due to which the rubber band becomes warmer.
0
force
loading
unloading
extension
Answers Complete:
tensile force 120 N 40 N 3 kN 2 MN extension 2m 15 cm 50 mm 6 m 150 J 12 J strain energy
Question
A spring of original length 20cm extends to 25cm when a weight of 4N is hung from it. Calculate: (a) the elastic strain energy stored in the spring, (b) the spring constant (c) the length of the spring when it is storing 0.5 J of energy.