Edexcel Specification
Section 6: Magnetism and electromagnetism b) Magnetism understand that magnets repel and attract other magnets and attract magnetic substances describe the properties of magnetically hard and soft materials understand the term magnetic field line understand that magnetism is induced in some materials when they are placed in a magnetic field describe experiments to investigate the magnetic field pattern for a permanent bar magnet and that between two bar magnets describe how to use two permanent magnets to produce a uniform magnetic field pattern. c) Electromagnetism understand that an electric current in a conductor produces a magnetic field round it describe the construction of electromagnets sketch and recognise magnetic field patterns for a straight wire, a flat circular coil and a solenoid when each is carrying a current
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iron
nickel
cobalt
stainless steel
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Magnetic poles
Magnetic poles are the parts of a magnet that exert the greatest force. Magnetic poles occur in pairs usually called north (N) and south (S)
Iron filing are attracted mostly to the poles of a magnet
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The magnet has been orientated by the Earths magnetic field. A compass is an application of this effect.
north
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Magnetic fields
A magnetic field is a volume of space where magnetic force is exerted. All magnets are surrounded by magnetic fields. The shape of a magnetic field can be shown by iron filings or plotting compasses.
The stronger the magnetic field the denser the magnetic field lines.
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Induced magnetism
Magnetism can be induced in a magnetic material if it is placed within a magnetic field.
iron bar
If the material is magnetically hard it will retain its magnetism once removed from the field. Certain rocks in the Earths crust such as lodestone have been magnetised in this way by the Earths magnetic field.
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A magnetic _____ pole is a region where the magnetic force is pairs greatest. Magnetic poles always occur in ______. Like poles repel _______, unlike attract.
field A magnetic ______ is a region where magnetic force is direction of the magnetic field around a bar exerted. The ________ magnet is from north to south. WORD SELECTION: pole repel steel pairs field direction soft
Electromagnetism
In 1820 Hans rsted No current, noticed that a wire carrying compass an electric current caused a points to north compass needle to deflect.
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The thumb is placed in the direction of the electric current. The fingers show the direction of the circular magnetic field.
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Electric current out of the page Electric current into the page
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Plan view
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3. Solenoid
A solenoid is a coil of wire carrying an electric current. The magnetic field is similar in shape to that around a bar magnet. N The strength of the field increases with: 1. the electric current 2. the number of turns in the coil S
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The fingers are placed in the direction that the eclectic current flows around the coil.
The thumb points towards the north pole end of the coil.
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S
N
4. Add coils
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Electromagnets
An electromagnet consists of a current carrying coil wrapped around an iron core.
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Uses of electromagnets
1. Scrap yard crane
The iron core of the electromagnet is a SOFT magnetic material. When current flows the iron becomes strongly magnetised and so picks up the scrap iron and steel. When the current is turned off the iron loses its magnetisation and so releases the scrap.
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electromagnet
Current now flows again and the hammer hits the gong again.
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3
Contact 7switch
6 1 8 4
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The iron armature is then attracted to the electromagnet causing the springy contact switch B to close in the high voltage circuit.
springy contact switch B
hinge
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4. Circuit breaker
2
Current normally flows between terminals A and B through the contact and the electromagnet. When the current in a circuit increases, the strength of the electromagnet will also increase. This will pull the soft iron armature towards the electromagnet. As a result, spring 1 pulls apart the contact and disconnecting the circuit immediately, and stopping current flow.
The reset button can be pushed to bring the contact back to its original position to reconnect the circuit
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solenoid is a coil of wire carrying an electric current. The A ________ turns field produced increases in strength if the number of _____ iron is placed inside the coil. in the coil is increased or if _____
An ____________ electromagnet consists of a coil of a solenoid wrapped soft around an iron core. Iron is a ______ magnetic material that loses its magnetisation once the current in the coil is switched off.
WORD SELECTION:
solenoid iron strength turns electromagnet current soft
Online Simulations
Bar magnet field - Fendt Faraday Electromagnetic Lab - PhET - Play with a bar magnet and coils to learn about Faraday's law. Move a bar magnet near one or two coils to make a light bulb glow. View the magnetic field lines. A meter shows the direction and magnitude of the current. View the magnetic field lines or use a meter to show the direction and magnitude of the current. You can also play with electromagnets, generators and transformers! Field around a straight conductor - Fendt Magnetic field around a straight wire / coil / solenoid - NTNU Relay demonstration - Freezeway.com Electric Bell demonstration - Freezeway.com BBC KS3 Bitesize Revision: Bar Magnets Magnetic Fields Electromagnets Using Electromagnets - includes an applet showing how an electric bell works
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4. 5.
6.
7. 8. 9. 10.
11.
1. (a) Draw the magnetic field patterns between and around magnets shown on page 181.(b) Explain what the magnetic field lines show about the magnetic fields. 2. Explain how a uniform magnetic field can be produced. (see page 181) 3. Draw the magnetic field patterns around a straight conducting wire (see page 182)