Environmental Study

System, Matter and Energy

Models and Behavior of System

Environment consists of integrated system

What is a System:
A system is a set of components that :
(1) function and interact in some regular and theoretically predictable manner (2) can be isolated for the purposes of observation and study

Models and Behavior of System

Components of system:
(1) Input of things as matter, energy, of information into the

system (2) flow, or throughputs of matter, energy, or information within the system at certain rates (3) Store or storage areas, within a system where energy, matter, of information can accumulate for various lengths of time before being released (4) Output of certain forms of matter, energy, or information

that flow out the system into sink in the environment

Models and Behavior of System

System undergo changes as a result feedback. Feedback loops occurs when an output of matter, energy, or information is fed back in to the system as an input that change the system. There two type of feedback loops: - A positive feedback - A negative feedback loop

Models and Behavior of System

Systems often show time delay between input of stimulus and the response to it. Complex system also may be affected by synergistic interaction. synergistic interaction occurs when two or more processes interact so the combined effect is greater that the sum of their separate effects it could create synergy when the system element work together to accomplish a task.

MATTER: FORMS, STRUCTURE AND QUALITY

What are Natures Building Blocks?

Matter is anything that has mass (the amount of material in an object) and takes up space. Material is found in two chemical forms:

(1) Elements: the distinctive building blocks of matter that make up every material substance (2) Compounds: two more different elements held together in fixed proportions by attractive force called chemical bonds

MATTER: FORMS, STRUCTURE AND QUALITY

Various element, compounds, or both can be found together in mixtures. They made up of three types of building blocks: Atom : the smallest unit of matter that are unique to the a particular elements Ions: electrically change atoms or combinations of atom Molecules: Combinations of two or more atoms of the some or different elements held together by chemical bonds

MATTER: FORMS, STRUCTURE AND QUALITY

What are atoms make of

the main building blocks of an atom are:
(1) positive changed protons (p) (2) unchanged neutrons (n) (3) negatively changed electrons (e)

Each atoms consist of:

(1) (2)

An extremely small centre, or nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, and One or more electrons in rapid motion some where outside the nucleus

MATTER: FORMS, STRUCTURE AND QUALITY

Each element has a specific atomic number. The pH of solution is a measure of it concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) Organic Compounds:
containing carbon atoms combined with each other and with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine and fluorine can be nature (like simple carbohydrates) of synthetic (like hydrocarbons)

Inorganic Compounds: such as water, ammonia, and

carbon dioxide, do not have carbon-carbon bonds

MATTER: FORMS, STRUCTURE AND QUALITY

The most abundant form at matter in the universe is plasma On earth, most matter is found as a solid, liquid, or gas. High-quality matter is easy to extract difficult to extract and more dispersed

ENERGY: FORMS AND QUALITY

What is energy?: energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat There are two types of energy

- Kinetic energy, which matter has because of its

mass and its speed or velocity - Potential energy, which is stored and potentially available for use

One forms of energy can be changed to another

ENERGY: FORMS AND QUALITY

Electromagnetic radiation: energy radiated in form of

a wave as a result of the changing electric and magnetic fields ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation are form of electromagnetic radiation

Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred by convection, conduction, or radiation Energy Quality: a measure of an energy resources ability to do useful work

TWO LAWS OF ENERGY CHANGES

First Law of Thermodynamics In all physical and chemical changes, energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it may be converted from one form to another.

TWO LAWS OF ENERGY CHANGES

Second Law of Thermodynamics When energy is changed from one form to another, some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower quality, more dispersed, less useful energy