Yuniarti Department of anatomy Faculty of medicine UNISBA

Organization of the nervous system

1.Central Nerve System - Brain - Spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nerve System - Cranial nerve - Spinal nerve

Gyri : fold,which greatly increase the surface area of the cortex

Deepest groove between folds : fissure Shallow groove between folds : sulci

The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemisphere by a longitudinal fissure

 The longitudinal fissure contains the sickle-shaped fold of dura mater, the falx cerebri, and the anterior cerebral arteries.
In the depths of the longitudinal fissure,the corpus callosum, connects the hemispheres across the midline

Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into lobes:

~The Frontal lobe

occupies the area anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus ~The parietal lobe occupies the area posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus ~The occipital lobe occupies the small area behind the parieto-occipital sulcus ~The temporal lobe occupies the area inferior to the lateral sulcus ~Insula lobe Within lateral fissure

Insula lobe

Central sulcus : separate the frontal lobe from parietal lobe Calcarine sulcus : between cuneus & lingual gyrus (Look at medial aspect) Parieto-occipital sulcus : separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe Lateral sulcus : separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe.

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Internal Structure of the Cerebral Hemispheres

The cerebral

hemispheres are covered with a layer of gray matter, the cerebral cortex. Located in the interior of the cerebral hemispheres are the lateral ventricles, masses of gray matter, the basal nuclei, and nerve fibers. The nerve fibers are embedded in neuroglia and constitute the white matter

The Cerebral Cortex

Frontal (Forehead to top) Motor Cortex Parietal (Top to rear) Sensory Cortex Occipital (Back) Visual Cortex Temporal (Above ears) Auditory Cortex

The white matter is composed of myelinated nerve fibers of different diameters supported by neuroglia.

The nerve fibers may be classified into three groups according to their connections: (1) commissural fibers (2) association fibers (3) projection fibers.

1.

Commisure fibers
Commissure fibers essentially connect corresponding regions of the two hemispheres.

They are as follows: - the corpus callosum *splenium *genu *rostrum - the anterior commissure - the posterior commissure - the fornix - the habenular commissure.

2. Association fibers
Interconnect cortical regions within the same hemisphere (a) Short association fibers The short association fibers lie immediately beneath the cortex and connect adjacent gyri; these fibers run transversely to the long axis of the sulci
.

(b)Long association fibers Link one lobe with another

The superior longitudinal fasciculus

The arcuate fasciculus

The inferior longitudinal fasciculus

-The uncinate fasciculus

The cingulum

The fronto-occipital fasciculus

3. Projection fibers

Contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum

Lower parts of the CNS (thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord)

Lower parts of the CNS (thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord)

Cerebrum

The cerebellum , the second-largest part of the brain The cerebellum is posterior to the medulla and pons & inferior to the posterior portion of the cerebrum

 In superior /inferior views, the shape of the cerebellum is somewhat like a butterfly The central constricted area is the vermis The lateral is cerebellar hemispheres Lobes : - Anterior lobe - Posrerior/middle lobe - Flocculonodular

Primary fissure : Separated anterior lobe & middle lobe

Horizontal fissure : Separated superior & inferiot surface

Have 2 part : - superfisial layer cerebellar cortex (gray matter) - deep layer white matter
The cerebellar cortex has ridges called folia.

The white matter of the medulla resembles a branching tree and is called the arbor vitae.

Cerebellar Peduncles
The superior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain The middle cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the pons The inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata.

 Diencephalon is the part of brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum,surround the third ventricle

Its main component are: -Thalamus -Subthalamus -Epithalamus -Hypothalamus

epithalamus

 The hypothalamus is a small part of the diencephalon located inferior to

the thalamus

 Brainstem is the part of the brain between the spinal cord and
the diencephalon It consist of three structurally and functionally connected regions : 1. Medulla oblongata 2. Pons 3. Midbrain

The midbrain extends From the pons to the Diencephalon Is about 2,5 cm long

The anterior part of the midbrain contains a pair of tract called cerebral peduncles Cerebral peduncle contain: - axon of corticospinal, corticopontine, corticobulbar motor neurons which conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal cord, medulla and pons. - axon s of sensory neurons that extend from the medulla to the thalamus

The midbrain comprises two lateral halves, called the cerebral peduncles; each of these is divided into : -an anterior part, the crus cerebri -a posterior part, the tegmentum by a pigmented band of gray matter, the substantia nigra

On the lateral aspect of the midbrain : -The superior brachium passes from the superior colliculus to the lateral geniculate body and the optic tract. - The inferior brachium connects the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate body.

The posterior part of the midbrain, called the tectum Contains four rounded elevations : - Two superior elevations superior colliculi (visual) - Two inferior elevations inferior colliculi (auditory)

Nuclei of the midbrain : 1. Substansia nigra - Darkly pigmented nuclei - Help control subsconcious muscle activity - Pigmented gray matter 2. Red nuclei - Look reddish - Function with the cerebellum to coordinate muscular movement 3. Nuclei associated with cranial nerve III & IV

RESUME MIDBRAIN CONSIST OF

1. Cerebral peduncles crus cerebri & tegmentum DIVIDED by a pigmented band of gray matter, the substantia nigra 2. Superior dan inferior brachium 3.Tectum (2 superior colliculi & 2 inferior colliculi)

4. Nuclei (red nuclei, substansia nigra, nuclei CN III & CN IV)

The pons lies directly superior to the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum Is about 2,5 cm long Links cerebellum with mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord

The anterior surface is convex from side to side and shows many transverse fibers that converge on each side to form the middle cerebellar peduncle There is a shallow groove in the midline, the basilar groove, which lodges the basilar artery.

Nuclei of the pons :

1. Pontine nuclei are the sites at which signals for voluntary movements that originate in the cerebral cortex are relayed into the cerebellum
2. Peumotaxic area & Apneustic area together with the medullary rhythmicity area help control breathing 3. Nuclei associated with cranial nerve V(trigeminal), VI(abdusent), VII(facial), VIII (vestibulocochlear)

 Medulla is a continuation of the spinal cord, it forms the inferior part

of brain stem

On the anterior surface of the medulla is the anterior median fissure. On each side of the median fissure, there is a swelling called the pyramid. The pyramids are composed of bundles of nerve fibers, called corticospinal fibers The pyramids taper inferiorly, and it is here that the majority of the descending fibers cross over to the opposite side, forming the decussation of the pyramids

Posterolateral to the pyramids are the olives, which are oval elevations produced by the underlying inferior olivary nuclei.

As in the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata consists of white matter and gray matter

Nuclei of medulla :
1. The cardiovascular center
regulate the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of blood vessels

2. The medullary rhythmicity area

respiratory center

3. Inferior olivary
relay impulses from proprioceptors (monitoring joint &muscle positions) to the cerebellum

4. Gracile & cuneate

sensations of touch, conscious proprioception, pressure and vibration 5. Nuclei that receive sensory input from or provide motor output to cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (accesorry) & XII (hypoglossal)

6. Solitary nucleus - receives visceral sensory information 7 Olivary nuclei lateral to pyramids. Receive sensory info from proprioceptors (position) in skeletal muscles & joints & act as a relay point to the cerebellum 8. Non-vital reflex centers Vomiting, hiccough, swallowing, coughing, sneezing

The brain is supplied by the two internal carotid and the two vertebral arteries. The internal carotid artery begins at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery Enters the subarachnoid space by piercing the arachnoid mater and turns posteriorly to the region of the medial end of the lateral cerebral sulcus. Here, it divides into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

The vertebral artery

a branch of the first part of the subclavian artery ascends the neck by passing through the foramina in the trasverse processes of the upper six cervical vertebrae.

It enters the skull through the foramen magnum

The basilar artery

formed by the union of the two vertebral arteries, ascends in a groove on the anterior surface of the pons.
At the upper border of the pons, it divides into the two posterior cerebral arteries.

Circle of Willis The circle of Willis lies in the interpeduncular fossa at the base of the brain.

It is formed by the anastomosis between the two internal carotid arteries and the two vertebral arteries .
The anterior communicating, anterior cerebral, internal carotid, posterior communicating, posterior cerebral, and basilar arteries all contribute to the circle.

The spinal cord begin as a continuation of the medulla oblongata. In adults, 42-45cm in long Extend from the foramen magnum in the occipital bone to the level of the L1 or L2 Enlarged in two regions : 1. Cervical enlargment (C4-T1 segment of the spinal cord) 2. Lumbar/lumbosacral enlargment (T11-S1 segment of the spinal cord) The medullary cone is tapering inferior end, terminate as high as T12 vertebrae or as low as L3 vertebrae The spinal cord occupies only the superior two thirds of the vertebral canal

Cauda equina is bundle ofspinal nerve roots arising from the lumbosacral enlargment & the medullary cone, caudal to the termination of the spinal cord resembles a horses tail Terminal filum : -arising from the tip of the medullary cone, descend among the spinal roots in the cauda equina -an anchor for the inferior end of spinal cord and the spinal meninges