1st Project Report NIP F208 February 11, 2014

Evaluating Debye's Model of the Heat Capacity of Aluminum using Gaussian Quadrature Integration
Applied Physics 155 1st Project 2nd Semester AY 2013-2014 C. Cabatit G. Dizon R. Romero

Outline
I. Introduction II. Methodology

III. Results and Discussion

IV. Conclusion and Recommendations

V. References

I. Introduction
Dulong and Petit Dulong-Petit Law

Heat Capacity may be approximated to 3R (R = Gas

Constant) Lead to formulation two models

Einsteins Model
Debyes Model

I. Introduction
Einsteins Model
Assumes that each atom of a solid vibrates at the same frequency Equation is as follows:

where:
cv is the specific heat capacity E is the Einstein Temperature R is the gas constant Fits for relatively high temperatures Approaches Dulong-Petit Law as Temperature >> E

I. Introduction
Debyes Model
Considers the solids atoms as harmonic oscillators Considers the solids oscillation as the superposition of normal modes of different harmonic oscillators (atoms) Equation is as follows:

where: V is the volume of the solid

D is the Debye Temperature

is the Number Density kb is the Boltzmanns Constant Does not have a closed form, must be evaluated numerically (Pan, 1990)
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II. Methodology
Initialize conditions for Debyes Model for 1000cm3 Aluminum Implement Gaussian Quadrature Using Newmans gaussxw.py to evaluate integral

Run for N = 2 and N = 3

Plot Heat Capacity (J/K) vs Temperature (K)

Take Heat Capacity at (298.15 Kelvin)

Compare with Theoretical Heat Capacity for Aluminum

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III. Results and Discussion

For N = 2: Heat Capacity = 2259.58 J/K Deviation = 6.71 %

III. Results and Discussion

For N = 3: Heat Capacity = 2255.04 J/K Deviation = 6.89 %

III. Results and Discussion

Using Dulong-Petit Law, at high temperature: CV = 3R = 2494.28 J/K Heat Capacity at 933.45 K = 2468.26 J/K Deviation = 1.04 %

III. Results and Discussion

Comparison with Einsteins model.

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III. Results and Discussion

Comparison of using Chevyshev polynomials instead of the Legendre approximation

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IV. Conclusion and Recommendations

Gaussian Quadrature Integration may be used to evaluate Debyes Model for the Heat Capacity of a Solid For an Aluminum Solid with a volume of 1000 cm.3, at 298.15 K (25C) o For N = 2 Heat Capacity = 2259.58 J / K Deviation = 6.71 % o For N = 3 Heat Capacity = 2255.04 J / K Deviation = 6.89 % At high temperatures (3R): CV = 3R = 2494.28 J/K Heat Capacity at 933.45 K = 2468.26 J/K Taking the experimental values of the Heat Capacity of Aluminum for other Temperatures to get better Deviation measurements.
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V. References
1. http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/sm1/lectures/node71.html 2. http://vallance.chem.ox.ac.uk/pdfs/EinsteinDebye.pdf 3. Abramowitz and Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions 4. M. Newman, Computational Physics 5. R. Pan, M. Varma-Nair, B. Wunderlich, A Computational Scheme to Evaluate Debye and Tarasov Equations for Heat Capacity Computation Without Numerical Integration 6. Young and Freedman, University Physics 12th Edition

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THANK YOU
1st Project Report NIP F208 February 11, 2014

Applied Physics 155 1st Project 2nd Semester AY 2013-2014

C. Cabatit G. Dizon R. Romero