FUNGI

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Characteristics of Fungi :
Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Produce exoenzymes Reproduce by means of spores Both sexual (meiotic) and asexual (mitotic) spores may be produced, depending on the species & conditions Typically not motile, although a few (e.g. Chytrids) have motile phase
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characteristics ..
Vegetative body may be unicellular (yeast) or compound of microscopic threads called hyphae Cell walls are composed of mostly chitin Fungal cell membranes have a unique sterol (ergosterol)
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Nutritional status of fungi :

Saprophytes use non-living organic material, important in ecosystems (along with bacteria) are important in recycling nutrient Parasites use organic material from living organism Mutualists (symbionts) have a mutualistically beneficial relationship with other living organisms,e.g. Mycorrhizae, Lichens
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Many fungi are very useful to humans : yeasts-- baking and brewing antibiotics--- e.g. penicillin & cephalosporin other drugs-- e.g. cyclosporin organic acids -- e.g. citric acid in Coke is produced by an Aspergillus steroids and hormones--- e.g. the pilli certain stinky cheeses-- e.g. blue cheese, Roquefort and Camembert
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Fungi exist in different forms

MOLD - rapidly growing, asexually reproducing hyphal fungus. YEAST - a unicellular fungus, usually found growing in liquid or moist environments. Mushroom - a filamentous fungi that typically form large structures called fruiting body

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Branching hyphae known collectively as a mycelium

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Part of the mycelium is involved in :

gaining nutrients, the vegetative mycelium growth and reproduction, the aerial or reproductive mycelium

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coenocytic (aseptate)

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septum in the septate fungus Sordaria fimicola

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Four major phyla of Fungi, based on the method of producing sexual spores:
Chytridiomycota sexual and asexual spores motile, have posterior flagellated gametes. Meiospores with one flagellum produced in zoosporangia (zoospores) Predominantly aquatic, and not terrestrial. Some are unicellular, some coenocytic, and still others produce a mycelium much like other fungi, eg : Allomyces Zygomycota sexual spores are thick walled resting spores called zygospores, eg : Rhizopus stolonifer Ascomycotaspores (ascospores) borne internally in a sac called an ascus, eg : Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Neurospora

Basidiomycotaspores (basidiospores) borne externally on a club-shaped structure called a basidium, eg : Agaricus campestis.
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Life cycle of Zygomycota

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Life cycle of Ascomycota

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Life cycle of Yeast

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An ascus developing and shooting out its spores

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Yeast cells

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Life cycle of Basidiomycota

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Formation of a clamp connection on hypha of a basidiomycete.

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Volvariella volvacea paddy straw mushroom

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Agaricus bisporus Common mushrooms from commercial culture showing basidiocarps above a complex of hyphal strands in the compost.

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Lentinus edodes, also known as shii-take

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Pleurotus ostreatus, also known as Oyster mushroom

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Fruiting body of Auricularia. This fungus is found on the dying branches of trees.

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There are also two conventional groups which are not recognized as formal taxonomic groups : Deuteromycota (fungi imperfecti) includes all fungi which have lost the ability to reproduce sexually, have no known sexual state in their life cycle, eg : Penicillium, Aspergillus Lichen not a single organism, a symbiotic association between a fungus (Ascomycete or Basidiomycete) and a Cyanobacterium or a chlorophyte (green alga). Often the fungal partner is unable to grow without the algal symbiont, making it difficult to classify these organisms.
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Life cycle of Zygomycota

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