Definition Structure of lipoproteins Types of lipoprotein Functions of lipoprotein Metabolism of lipoproteins Regulation of lipoprotein metabolism

A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipid. The lipids or their derivatives may be covalently or noncovalently bound to the proteins. Many enzymes, transporters, structural proteins, antigens, adhesins and toxins are lipoproteins. Examples include the high density and low density lipoproteins of the blood, the transmembrane proteins of the mitochondrion and the chloroplast, and bacterial lipoproteins.

Triasiglyserid
Merupakan bentuk asam lemak cadangan utama Ester dari alkohol gliserol dengan asam lemak Unsur utama pembentuk lipoprotein dan cadangan lipid dalam jaringan adiposa

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Chylomicrons Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) Intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) Low density lipoproteins (LDL) High density lipoproteins (HDL)

Isolation of Lipoproteins by Ultra-centrifugation

Composition and Relative Size of Lipoproteins

 Chylomicrons (derived from diet) density <<1.006 diameter 80 - 500 nm dietary triglycerides apoB-48, apoA-I, apoA-II, apoA-IV, apoCII/ C-III, apoE remains at origin in electrophoretic field -synthesis in gut (intestine)

 density >1.006 diameter 30 - 80nm endogenous triglycerides apoB-100, apoE, apoC-II/C-III prebeta in electrophoresis formed in the liver as nascent VLDL (contains only triglycerides, apoE and apoB) -synthesis in liver & gut

 IDL (intermediate density lipoproteins) density: 1.006 - 1.019 diameter: 25 - 35nm cholesteryl esters and triglycerides apoB-100, apoE, apoC-II/C-III slow pre-beta -source= VLDL

 density: 1.019 - 1.063 diameter: 18-25nm cholesteryl esters apoB-100 beta (electrophoresis) < 130 LDL cholesterol is desirable, 130-159 is borderline high and >160 is high -Source= VLDL

 density: 1.063-1.210 diameter: 5-12nm cholesteryl esters and phospholipids apoA-I, apoA-II, apoC-II/C-III and apoE alpha (electrophoresis) -Source = liver,intestine,chylomicrons,VLDL

Discoidal HDL : contains cholesterol, phospholipid, apoA-I, apoAII, apoE and is disc shaped; it is formed in liver and intestine It interacts with chylomicra remnants and lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) to form HDL3

HDL3 : composed of cholesterol, cholesterol ester, phospholipid and apoA and apoE interacts with the cell plasma membranes to remove free cholesterol reaction with LCAT converts HDL3 to HDL2a (an HDL with a high apoE and cholesterol ester content) cholesterol ester-rich HDL2a is then converted to triglyceride-rich HDL2b by concomitant transfer of HDL cholesterol esters to VLDL and VLDL triglycerides to HDL

 Lipoproteins in the blood, a water medium, carry fats around the body.
The protein particles have charged groups aimed outward so as to attract water molecules; this makes them soluble in the salt water based blood pool. Triglyceride-fats and cholesterol are carried internally, shielded by the protein particle from the water. The interaction of the proteins forming the surface of the particles with (a) enzymes in the blood, (b) with each other and (c) with specific proteins on the surfaces of cells determine whether triglycerides and cholesterol will be added to or removed from the lipoprotein transport particles.

Metabolism of lipoprotein

Bile acids
cholic acid is the bile acid found in the largest amount in bile cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are referred to as primary bile acids bile acids are converted to either glycine or taurine conjugates (in humans the ratio of glycine to taurine conjugates is 3:1)

Bile acids
fat digestion products are absorbed in the first 100 cm of small intestine the primary and secondary bile acids are reabsorbed almost exclusively in the ileum returning to the liver by way of the portal circulation (98 to 99%) this is known as the enterohepatic circulation less than 500 mg a day escapes reabsorption and is excreted in the feces

Bile salts
detergent character of bile salts is due to the hydrophobic-hydrophilic nature of the molecules the presence of hydroxyl (or sulfate) and the terminal carboxyl group on the tail gives the molecule its hydrophilic face the steroid ring with its puckered plane provides the hydrophobic face

Function of bile salts

emulsification of fats due to detergent activity aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (especially vitamin K) accelerate the action of pancreatic lipase have choleretic action stimulate the liver to secrete bile stimulate intestinal motility keep cholesterol in solution (as micelles)