Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2nd Ed.

Nivaldo Tro

Chapter 12 Solutions

Roy Kennedy Massachusetts Bay Community College Wellesley Hills, MA

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TYPES OF SOLUTIONS AND

SOLUBILITY

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Solutions
Homogeneous mixtures
composition may vary from one sample to another appears to be one substance, though really contains multiple materials

Most homogeneous materials we encounter

are actually solutions
e.g., air and seawater

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 When table salt is mixed with water, it seems to

disappear, or become a liquid the mixture is homogeneous
the salt is still there, as you can tell from the taste, or simply boiling away the water

Solutions

Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions The component of the solution that changes state is
called the solute The component that keeps its state is called the solvent
if both components start in the same state, the major component is the solvent
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Examples of Solutions

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Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process

Energy changes in the formation of most solutions
also involve differences in attractive forces between the particles For the solvent and solute to mix you must overcome
1. all of the solutesolute attractive forces 2. some of the solventsolvent attractive forces both processes are endothermic

At least some of the energy to do this comes from

making new solutesolvent attractions
which is exothermic
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Intermolecular Attractions

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Solution Interactions

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Solubility
There is usually a limit to the solubility of one
substance in another
gases are always soluble in each other two liquids that are mutually soluble are said to be miscible

The maximum amount of solute that can be

dissolved in a given amount of solvent is called the solubility The solubility of one substance in another varies with temperature and pressure
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alcohol and water are miscible oil and water are immiscible

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Will It Dissolve?
Chemists Rule of Thumb
Like Dissolves Like

A chemical will dissolve in a solvent if it has a

similar structure to the solvent
when the solvent and solute structures are similar, the solvent molecules will attract the solute particles at least as well as the solute particles are attracted to each other

Polar molecules and ionic compounds will be

more soluble in polar solvents Nonpolar molecules will be more soluble in nonpolar solvents
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Classifying Solvents

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Example 12.1a: Predict whether the following vitamin is soluble in fat or water
Water is a polar solvent. Fat is mostly made of nonpolar molecules.

The four OH groups make the molecule highly polar and it will also H-bond to water. Vitamin C is water soluble.
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Vitamin C

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Example 12.1b: Predict whether the following vitamin is soluble in fat or water
Water is a polar solvent. Fat is mostly made of nonpolar molecules.

The two C=O groups are polar, but their geometric symmetry suggests their pulls will cancel and the molecule will be nonpolar.
Vitamin K3

Vitamin K3 is fat soluble.

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Practice Decide if the following are more soluble in hexane, C6H14, or water
nonpolar molecule more soluble in C6H14

polar molecule more soluble in H2O

nonpolar part dominant more soluble in C6H14

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Practice Explain the solubility trends seen in the table below

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Practice Explain the solubility trends seen in the table below

These alcohols all have a polar OH part and a nonpolar CHn part. As we go down the table the nonpolar part gets larger, but the amount of OH stays the same. We therefore expect that the solubility in water (polar solvent) should decrease and the solubility in hexane (nonpolar solvent) should increase, and it does.
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Solution Equilibrium
The dissolution of a solute in a solvent is an
equilibrium process Initially, when there is no dissolved solute, the only process possible is dissolution Shortly after some solute is dissolved, solute particles can start to recombine to reform solute molecules but the rate of dissolution >> rate of deposition and the solute continues to dissolve Eventually, the rate of dissolution = the rate of deposition the solution is saturated with solute and no more solute will dissolve
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Solution Equilibrium

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Solubility Limit
A solution that has the solute and solvent in
dynamic equilibrium is said to be saturated
if you add more solute it will not dissolve the saturation concentration depends on the temperature
and pressure of gases

A solution that has less solute than saturation is

said to be unsaturated
more solute will dissolve at this temperature

A solution that has more solute than saturation is

said to be supersaturated
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Adding a Crystal of NaC2H3O2 to a Supersaturated Solution

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Factor affecting solubility.

1. Temperature Dependence of Solubility of Solids in Water
Solubility is generally given in grams of solute that will

dissolve in 100 g of water For most solids, the solubility of the solid increases as the temperature increases when DHsolution is endothermic Solubility curves can be used to predict whether a solution with a particular amount of solute dissolved in water is saturated (on the line), unsaturated (below the line), or supersaturated (above the line)

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Solubility Curves

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Purification by Recrystallization
One of the common operations
performed by a chemist is removing impurities from a solid compound One method of purification involves dissolving a solid in a hot solvent until the solution is saturated As the solution slowly cools, the solid crystallizes out, leaving impurities behind
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Practice Decide if each of the following solutions is saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated

50 g KNO3 in 100 g H2O @ 34 C

saturated
50 g KNO3 in 100 g H2O @ 50 C

unsaturated
50 g KNO3 in 50 g H2O @ 50 C

supersaturated
100 g NH4Cl in 200 g H2O @ 70 C

unsaturated
100 g NH4Cl in 150 g H2O @ 50 C

supersaturated

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2. Temperature Dependence of Solubility of Gases in Water

Gases generally have lower solubility in water

than ionic or polar covalent solids because most are nonpolar molecules
gases with high solubility usually are actually reacting with water

For all gases, the solubility of the gas

decreases as the temperature increases
the DHsolution is exothermic because you do not need to overcome solutesolute attractions
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