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ECE201 Exam #1 Review 1

Exam #1 Review
Dr. Holbert
February 15, 2006
ECE201 Exam #1 Review 2
Circuit Analysis Techniques
While Obeying Passive Sign Convention
Ohms Law; KCL; KVL
Voltage and Current Division
Series/Parallel Impedance combinations

= + + + =
j N series
Z Z Z Z Z
2 1

= + + + =
i M par
Z Z Z Z Z
1 1 1 1 1
2 1

ECE201 Exam #1 Review 3
Sign Convention
Passive sign convention : current should
enter the positive voltage terminal



Consequence for P = I V
Positive (+) Power: element absorbs power
Negative (-) Power: element supplies power
Circuit Element
+

I
ECE201 Exam #1 Review 4
Ohms Law
V = I Z
The
Rest of
the
Circuit
V
I
+

Z
ECE201 Exam #1 Review 5
KCL (Kirchhoffs Current Law)
The sum of currents entering the node is zero:


Analogy: mass flow at pipe junction
i
1
(t)
i
2
(t) i
4
(t)
i
5
(t)
i
3
(t)

=
=
n
j
j
t i
1
0 ) (
ECE201 Exam #1 Review 6
KVL (Kirchhoffs Voltage Law)
The sum of voltages around a loop is zero:


Analogy: pressure drop thru pipe loop
0 ) (
1
=

=
n
j
j
t v
+

v
1
(t)
+
+


v
2
(t)
v
3
(t)
ECE201 Exam #1 Review 7
KVL Polarity
A loop is any closed path through a circuit
in which no node is encountered more than
once
Voltage Polarity Convention
A voltage encountered + to - is positive
A voltage encountered - to + is negative
ECE201 Exam #1 Review 8
In General: Voltage Division
Consider N impedances in series:



Source voltage(s) are divided between the
elements in direct proportion to their
impedances

=
j
i
S
k i
Z
Z
V V
Z
ECE201 Exam #1 Review 9
In General: Current Division
Consider N impedances in parallel:




Special Case (2 impedances in parallel)

= + + + =
=
i N par
j
par
S
k j
Z Z Z Z Z
Z
Z
I I
Z
1 1 1 1 1
2 1

2 1
2
1
Z Z
Z
I I
+
=
S Z
ECE201 Exam #1 Review 10
Equivalent Impedance
If we wish to replace the two parallel
impedances with a single impedance whose
voltage-current relationship is the same, the
equivalent impedance has a value of:



Parallel elements share the same 2 end nodes
2 1
2 1
Z Z
Z Z
Z
+
=
eq
ECE201 Exam #1 Review 11
Phasors
A phasor is a complex number that
represents the magnitude and phase of a
sinusoidal voltage or current:
( ) u e + t X
M
cos
u Z =
M
X X
ECE201 Exam #1 Review 12
Complex Numbers
x is the real part
y is the imaginary part
z is the magnitude
u is the phase angle
u
x
y
real
axis
imaginary
axis
Polar: z Z u = A = x + jy : Rectangular

u cos z x =
u sin z y =
2 2
y x z + =
x
y
1
tan

= u
ECE201 Exam #1 Review 13
Impedance
AC steady-state analysis using phasors
allows us to express the relationship
between current and voltage using a
formula that looks likes Ohms law:
V = I Z
Z is called impedance (units of ohms, O)
Impedance is (often) a complex number
Impedance depends on frequency, e=2tf
ECE201 Exam #1 Review 14
Impedance Summary
Element Impedance
Capacitor
Z
C
= 1 / jeC = -1/eC Z 90
Inductor
Z
L
= jeL = eL Z 90
Resistor
Z
R
= R = R Z 0

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