Angle Modulation

1
Angle Modulation
Objectives

To introduce phase modulation (PM) and frequency
modulation (FM)
To define frequency deviation
To describe the relationship between PM and FM
To determine the bandwidth of FM signal
To explain the methods for generating wideband FM signals
To explain wideband FM demodulation method
To illustrate frequency division multiplexing (FDM) method
To compare AM and FM

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Angle Modulation
Angle modulation
Angle modulation is the process of varying the total phase angle
of a carrier wave in accordance with the instantaneous value of
the message signal, while keeping the amplitude of the carrier
constant.

Because the amplitude of the carrier does not change, angle
modulation has the advantage of using the peak power of a
transmitter (P = A
2
/2).

However, angle modulation requires more complicated transmitters
and receivers as compared to amplitude modulation.
3
Angle Modulation
A generalized sinusoidal signal of constant peak amplitude A can
be expressed as
s(t) = A cosu(t)
where u(t) is the total phase angle(instantaneous or generalized
angle).

Types of angle modulation
There are two types of angle modulation, according to two ways of
varying the phase angle u(t).

4
Angle Modulation
Phase modulation (PM)
The phase angle is varied linearly with a modulating signal m(t)
u
PM
(t) = e
c
t + u
0
+ k
PM
m(t)
where k
PM
is known as phase sensitivity of the modulator.


The PM waveform can then be expressed as
s
PM
(t) = A cos[e
c
t + u
0
+ k
PM
m(t)]
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Angle Modulation
Frequency modulation (FM)
The instantaneous frequency e(t) is varied linearly with a
modulating signal m(t) about an unmodulated frequency e
c
, i.e.
e
FM
(t) = e
c
+ k
FM
m(t)
where k
FM
represents the frequency sensitivity of the modulator.

The total phase angle can be obtained by integrating the
instantaneous frequency e
FM
(t)


The corresponding FM wave is given by
0
( ) ( ) [ ( )] ( )
FM FM c FM c FM
t t dt k m t dt t k m t dt u e e e u = = + = + +
} } }
0
( ) cos[ ( ) ]
FM c FM
s t A t k m t dt e u = + +
}
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Angle Modulation
Frequency deviation
The instantaneous frequency of FM signal, e
FM
(t) = e
c
+ k
FM
m(t),
varies with time.
Frequency deviation is the maximum frequency change from the
average e
c
, i.e. Ae = k
FM
,m(t),
max


The frequency deviation is a useful parameter for determining the
bandwidth of the FM signals.

7
Angle Modulation
Relationship between PM and FM
Both the net effect of PM and FM is variation in total phase angle.
I n PM, phase angle varies linearly with m(t) while in FM, phase
angle varies linearly with the integral of m(t).
FM signal can be obtained by using phase modulator and PM
wave can be obtained by using frequency modulator.

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Angle Modulation
Example: Tone modulation

The message signal
m(t) = A
m
cose
m
t

PM (Tone modulation)
s
PM
(t) = A cos[e
c
t + u
0
+ k
PM
m(t)]
= A cos[e
c
t + u
0
+ k
PM
A
m
cose
m
t]
= A cos[e
c
t + u
0
+ m
p
cose
m
t]
where m
p
= k
PM
A
m
is called the phase modulation index,
representing the maximum phase deviation Au.

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Angle Modulation
FM (Tone modulation)
where m
f
= k
FM
A
m
/ e
m
= Ae / e
m
, i.e. the ratio of frequency
deviation to the modulating frequency, is called the frequency
modulation index.
m
f
= Ae / e
m
The frequency deviation in FM represents the maximum
phase deviation
Au = m
f
= Ae / e
m

0
0
0
0
( ) cos[ ( ) ]
cos[ cos ]
cos[ sin ]
cos[ sin ]
FM c FM
c FM m m
FM m
c m
m
c f m
s t A t k m t dt
A t k A tdt
k A
A t t
A t m t
e u
e u e
e u e
e
e u e
= + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
}
}
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Angle Modulation
I n the case of tone modulation, it is difficult to distinguish PM and
FM waves.

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Angle Modulation
We therefore focus our discussion on FM.

The bandwidth of an FM signal depends on the frequency
deviation.
When the frequency deviation (and hence m
f
) is high, the
bandwidth will be large.

Types of frequency modulation
If m
f
< 1, this is known as narrowband FM.
If m
f
> 1 it is wideband FM ( also known as broadcast FM).

What is the significance of bandwidth for FM signal?

12
Angle Modulation
Since the amplitude of an FM signal is kept constant,
the power of an FM signal is the same as that of an
unmodulated carrier, i.e., P
FM
= A
2
/2.

In other words, the power is independent of the
frequency modulation process since the power is not
dependent on the signals frequency.

Most of the FM signal power is contained in its
bandwidth.

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Angle Modulation
It can be shown that 98% of the total power of an FM
signal is contained in the bandwidth. ( Then, how
to calculate the bandwidth?)

Bandwidth of a sinusoidally modulated FM signal
W
FM
= 2(m
f
+ 1)e
m
= 2(Ae + e
m
)
or
B
FM
= 2(m
f
+ 1)f
m
= 2(Af + f
m
)
The bandwidth is twice the sum of the maximum frequency
deviation and the modulating frequency ---- Carsons rule.
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Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM signal with arbitrary
modulating signals:

W
FM
= 2(Ae + e
m
)
or
B
FM
= 2(Af + f
m
)
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Angle Modulation
Example
A 10 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal such that the
peak frequency deviation is 50 kHz. Determine the bandwidth of the FM
signal if the frequency of the modulating sinusoidal is (a) 500 Hz; (b) 10 kHz.

Solution
(a) m
f
= Af / f
m
= 50000/500 = 100
B = 2(m
f
+ 1)f
m
= 2(101)500 = 101 kHz

(b) m
f
= Af / f
m
= 50/10 = 5
B = 2(m
f
+ 1)f
m
= 2(6)10 = 120 kHz
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Exercise
If Af = 75 kHz and f
m
= 15 kHz, determine the FM
bandwidth and compare this with the AM bandwidth.
Angle Modulation
Wideband modulation methods
Direct method, voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)
The direct method depends on varying the frequency of an
oscillator linearly with m(t) for FM.

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Angle Modulation
In the VCO, the modulating signal varies the voltage across the
capacitor, as a consequence, the capacitance changes and causes
a corresponding change in the oscillator frequency, i.e.
C = C
0
+ AC = C
0
+ k
0
m(t), C = C
0
(1 + AC/C
0
)
where k
0
is a constant.
Assume that

0
0
1
LC
e =
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
1 1 1
(1 )
2
1
( )
(1 ) ( ) ( )
2 2
C
C
LC LC C
C
k m t k
m t km t
C C
e e
e
e e e
A
= = ~
A
+
= = =
where k is also a constant and (1 - x)
-1/2
~ 1 x/2 is used.
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Angle Modulation
Wideband FM demodulation method
Apply s
FM
(t) to a differentiator, the output is

{ cos[ ( ) ]}
( )
[ ( )]sin[ ( ) ]
c FM
FM
c FM c FM
d A t k m t dt
ds t
dt dt
A k m t t k m t dt
e
e e
+
=
= + +
}
}
The response of an envelope detector becomes
A[e
c
+ k
FM
m(t)]
Blocking the dc term Ae
c
, the output is s
o
(t) = Ak
FM
m(t)
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Angle Modulation
Multiplexing
Multiplexing is combining several messages into a composite
signal for transmission over a single communication channel.

When the multiplexing is carried out in the frequency domain,
it is called Frequency division multiplexing (FDM).

How to separate different messages at the receiver side?
Provided that there is no spectral overlap of the sidebands of
one signal with those of the adjacent signal, the messages can
be separated at the receiver by bandpass filtering.

In order to make efficient use of transmitter power and of
bandwidth, SSB modulation would normally be used with FDM.

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Angle Modulation
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

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Angle Modulation
FDM can be used in long distance telephone, radio/TV
broadcasts, etc. But adjacent FDM signals are vulnerable to
crosstalk and the requirement for bandpass filters increase
the cost and complexity of the FDM system.


Main advantages and disadvantages of FDM
Ability to convey many simultaneous messages
Expense and size of the band-pass filters
Vulnerability to crosstalk

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Angle Modulation
Comparison between AM and FM
Noise performance
Wideband FM has better noise performance than AM. The greater
the bandwidth, the better is the noise performance.
Narrowband FM has a noise performance equivalent to AM.

Channel bandwidth
The wideband FM has a larger bandwidth as compared to AM.

Example
In a typical broadcast system, each channel bandwidth in AM is
15kHz, whereas, in FM, it is 150kHz.

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Questions (Angle Modulation)
Questions

1. What is FM ? Write the waveform expression for FM.
2. What is PM? Write the waveform expression for PM.
3. How to generate FM signal by using phase modulator?
4. How to generate PM signal by using frequency modulator?
5. What is frequency modulation index?
6. How to determine the bandwidth of FM signal?
7. How to generate wideband FM signal in a direct method?
8. How to demodulate wideband FM signal?
9. What is FDM and what is its main advantage?

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Exercise Problems (Angle Modulation)
1. An angle modulated signal is s(t) = Acos(e
c
t + 100cose
f
t).
(a) For a PM, what is m(t) when k
PM
= 2?
(b) What is the peak frequency change Ae caused by m(t) in (a)?

2. Work problem 1 assuming modulation is FM and k
FM
= 2.

3. A 100 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal
signal of frequency 5kHz. If the peak frequency deviation is
50kHz, what is the approximate band of frequencies occupied
by the FM waveform.

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Exercise Problems (Angle Modulation)
4. Twelve speech signals are to be combined using FDM for
transmission over a wideband radio link. Each signal is
concentrated in 300Hz < ,f, < 3.4kHz and is allocated a nominal
low pass channel bandwidth of 4kHz to allow for the use of
practical filters with finite transition regions. Estimate the
radio bandwidth required if the signals are combined using
SSB-SC frequency division multiplexing and the radio receiver
employs conventional amplitude modulation.


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Exercise Problems (Angle Modulation)
5. For a carrier wave with frequency of 1 MHz and amplitude of
3V, if the message signal is a cosine function, has unit amplitude
and its frequency is 2 kHz, and the maximum frequency
deviation is 4 kHz, determine the time domain expression of the
FM wave.

6. A carrier wave has f
c
= 50 MHz, is frequency modulated by a
sinusoidal wave of frequency f
m
= 20 kHz,
(a) if the frequency deviation is 20Hz, determine the minimum
bandwidth;
(b) if the frequency deviation is increased to 1 MHz, what is the
corresponding bandwidth?

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Exercise Problems (Angle Modulation)
7. The carrier wave of frequency 100MHz, is frequency modulated
by a sinusoidal message signal of frequency 10kHz, the
maximum frequency deviation is 1MHz,
(a) determine the approximate bandwidth of the FM wave;
(b) if the amplitude of modulating signal is doubled, determine the
bandwidth of the FM wave;
(c) if the frequency of the modulating wave is also doubled,
determine the bandwidth of the FM wave.

8. A sinusoidal signal of 10kHz is used to modulate a carrier wave
of 100MHz, assuming that the maximum frequency deviation
is 50kHz, determine the bandwidth for
(a) AM wave; (b) SSB wave; (c) FM wave.

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