Environmental Pollution Control

(ETZC362)
Dr. Jegatha Nambi Krishnan
Department of Chemical Engineering
13
th
Feb 2014
1 etzc362
Estimation of
y
and
z

Based on the experimental observations and
atmospheric stability, Pasquill and Gifford
have devised a method for calculating these
values.

P
z
y
Bx
Ax
=
=
o
o
903 . 0
The correlations are subjected to the following
limitations.
These concentrations estimated from the use of these
charts and equations should correspond to a sampling
time of 10 min.

y
and
z
are based on a surface corresponding to an
open level country and probably underestimate the
plume dispersion in an urban area.
The uncertainties associated with the estimates of
y

and
z
will increase with distance from the source.

If the time interval employed in the sampling
is other than 10 min, the following correction
need to be applied which is valid till 2 hrs.

q
A A
t
t
C C
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
1 2
Where, C is the concentration and t
2
is the sampling time period in minutes and t
1
is 0
min and q has a value between 0.17 and 0.20.
Average wind speed u
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1 1
2
z
H
u
u
u
1
is usually the meteorological value of the velocity measured at Z
1
= 10m. Alpha is 0.25
for unstable and 0.5 for stable conditions.
Dispersion Equation Different Forms
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
- =
2
2
2
exp
z z y
H
u
Q
o o o t
General Equation Plume with Reflection for Stack Height H
( ) ( )
(
(

)
`

|
|
.
|

\
| +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
-
|
|
.
|

\
|
- =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
z z y z y
H z H z y
u
Q
H z y x C
o o o o o t
exp exp exp ) ; , , (
Ground Level Concentration Stack at Height H
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
-
|
|
.
|

\
|
- =
2
2
2
2
2 2
0
z y z y
H y
u
Q
H y x C
o o o o t
exp exp ) ; , , (
Ground Level Center Line Concentration Stack at Height H
) ; 0 , 0 , ( H x C
Ground Level Center Line Ground Point Source
) 0 ; 0 , 0 , (x C
z=0
z y
u
Q
o o t
=
Calculation of Effective Stack Height
H = h
s
+ Ah, where Ah is the stack rise.
Stack rise is dependant on stack characteristics,
Meteorology, and physico-chemical nature of effluent.
* Carson-Moses Equation:
( )
s
h
s
s
u
Q
u
d V
h
2
1
62 2 029 0 . . + = A
* Holland Formula:
(

+ - = A
d V
Q
u
d V
h
s
h
s
s
0096 0 5 1 . .
* Concawe Formula:
694 0
444 0
71 4
.
.
.
s
h
u
Q
h = A
( )
a s p h
T T C m Q =
-
T
s
= stack gas temperature, K
T
a
= ambient temperature,
kJ/s
m= gas mass flow rate, kg/s
V
s
= stack gas exit velocity, m/s
u
s
= wind speed at exit, m/s
d= stack exit diameter, m
All Equations assuming that no stack tip
downwash occurs: i.e. when
V
s
1.5 u
s

Briggs Formula
Neutral or unstable condition (A,B,C,D)

( )
m x
m H F x
T
T T
r gV F
U
x F
H
f
s f
a
a s
s s
f
305 H for 674
305 H for 16 . 2
6 . 1
s
4 . 0
s
6 . 0 4 . 0
2
3 / 2
3 / 1
> =
< =

=
= A
x
f
= down wind distance to final plume rise in m.
U= wind speed at stack tip m/s
F= Buoyancy flux parameter in m
4
/s
3
.
For stable conditions (E and F)

|
.
|

\
|
+
A
A
=
|
.
|

\
|
= A
m C
Z
T
T
g
S
US
F
H
a
a
/ 01 . 0
4 . 2
3 / 1
o
S= Stability parameter
Example
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
- =
2
2
2
exp ) 150 ; 0 , 0 , 500 (
z z y
H
u
Q
C
o o o t
NO
x
emission from a stack at a rate of 100 g/s from an urban stack of
physical height 100m and a plume rise of 50m. What is the ground-level
concentration at a distance of 500 m from the stack and along the center-
line on a clear sunny day? Wind speed is measured at 2 m/s at 10m.
H = h
s
+ Ah
( ) ( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

-
|
|
.
|

\
|
- =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
exp
2
exp
2
exp
2
) ; , , (
z z y z y
H z H z y
u
Q
H z y x C
o o o o o t
Centerline
y = 0
Ground Level
z = 0
h
s
= 100; Ah = 50 H = 150
Equation for emission from a stack with Reflection
Example -contd.
Dispersion Coefficients Calculation
1. Graphical (from Fig 3.19 and 3.20)
Two options to compute o
y
and o
z
-
o
y
~ 120 m
o
z
~ 120 m
For x = 500 m
From Table 3-2, Clear Strong
insolationStability class = A or B
Example -contd.
( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
- =
2
2
6
) 105 ( 2
150
exp
) 105 )( 109 )( 2 (
10 * 100
) 150 ; 0 , 0 , 500 (
t
C
Data: Q = 100 g/s H = 150 m
2. Empirical Equations (from Equations 3.57 and 3.58 and tables 3.2 and 3.3)
o
y
: From Table 3.3,
o
y
=109 m
o
Z
= 105 m
u =2 m/s o
y
= 109 m
o
z
= 105 m
= 501 g/m
3
of NO
X

x in km : 0.5 km
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
A plate type electrostatic precipitator for use in a cement
plant for removing dust particles consists of 10 equal
channels. The spacing between the plates is 0.15 m, and
the plates are 2 m high and 2 m long. The unit handles
10,000 m
3
/hr of gas. What is the efficiency of the
collection? What should be the length of the plates for
achieving 99% collection efficiency if other conditions are
the same?

Example 2
Example 2
( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
- =
2
2
2
2
2
exp
2
exp ) 150 ; 0 , 100 , 500 (
y z z y
y H
u
Q
C
o o o o t
NO
X
emission from a stack Estimate NO
X
concentration at ground level, 100m
crosswind, 500 m from the stack
( ) ( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

-
|
|
.
|

\
|
- =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
exp
2
exp
2
exp
2
) ; , , (
z z y z y
H z H z y
u
Q
H z y x C
o o o o o t
)
113 2
100
(exp * 501 ) 150 ; 0 , 100 , 500 (
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|

= C
= 338 g/m
3
of NO
X

NAAQS standard for NO
2
= 100 g/m
3
for annual average
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
A Venturi scrubber is to be used to collect particulate matter
from an industrial operation. The liquid flow rate through
the scrubber is 10 gpm per 1000 ft
3
/ min of the gas and
the relative velocity of the gas to liquid is 300 ft/sec. The
gas is air at standard temperature of 298 K and pressure
of 1 atm carrying particles of density 1000 kg/m
3
.
determine the efficiency of the scrubber as a function of
particle diameter.
Example-2
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Given the scrubber described below, write an expression
for collection efficiency that is function of particle size.
Assume the particles are fly ash with a density of 700
kg/m
3
and a minimum size of 10 m diameter.
Venturi Characteristics:
Throat area: 1 sq.m
Gas flow rate: 94.4 cum/s
Gas temperature: 150 degree C
Liquid flow rate: 0.13 cum/s
Coefficient K= 200
Droplet diameter= 100 m


Example-1
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus 28
th
Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
6
Before installation of an electrostatic precipitator, the stack gas of
a power plant contained 5 g particulates per m
3
of gas. The gas
flow rate is 300 m
3
/min and the new precipitator can remove
1800 Kg particulates /day.

1. What is the emission rate of particulates before and after
pollution control in kg/day?

2. What is the efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator?

3. Will the new system meet an emission standard of 0.7 g/m
3
?
Exercise Problem 1
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus 28
th
Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
5
Flow rate = 300 m
3
/min.

(a) Emission rate before pollution control Kg/d = 2160 kg/day

Precipitator can remove 1800 kg/day

(b) Left out will be or emission rate after pollution = 360 kg/d

(c) Efficiency = 1800/2160 = 83.33 %

(d) Concentration in air after removal

= 360 x 1000/ 300 x 60 x 24

X = 0.833 g/m3 > 0.7 g/m3.

Therefore it will not meet emission standard.


BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus 28
th
Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
5
A 915 MW power plant with a load factor of 72.5% and an
efficiency of 40% uses coal as a fuel source. The coal has 1%
sulphur content and a calorific value of 30 MJ/kg. The stack tip
is 200 m high with a diameter of 7m. If neutral conditions
prevail, determine the following

a. Emission rate of SO
2
b. Plume rise using Briggs equation

c. Maximum ground level concentration of SO2 at 1 km
downwind from the plant. Given the following data: U
10
= 4
m/s; T
s
= 150 C; T
a
= 20C; V
s
= 15m/s; =0.16 (for neutral
condition)
Exercise Problem 1
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Briggs Formula
Neutral or unstable condition (A,B,C,D)

( )
m x
m H F x
T
T T
r gV F
U
x F
H
f
s f
a
a s
s s
f
305 H for 674
305 H for 16 . 2
6 . 1
s
4 . 0
s
6 . 0 4 . 0
2
3 / 2
3 / 1
> =
< =

=
= A
x
f
= down wind distance to final plume rise in m.
U= wind speed at stack tip m/s
F= Buoyancy flux parameter in m
4
/s
3
.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Estimation of y and z
Based on the experimental observations and
atmospheric stability, Pasquill and Gifford have devised
a method for calculating these values.

P
z
y
Bx
Ax
=
=
o
o
903 . 0
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus 28
th
Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
5
Coal required = 199 t/h
Emission rate = 1.1 kg/s
V
s
= 6.5 m/s
F = 553 m
4
/s
3

x
f
= 648 m
H = 150 m

y
= 66.5186 m (0.13 (1000)
0.903
)

z
= 31.78 m (0.105 (100)
0.827
)
c = 9.838 x 10
-23
g/m
3

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Calculation of hydrocarbon content
The sample gas is in to the flame created by burning H2 in air or O2.

When hydrocarbons are present, the flame produces a complex ionization
in which large number of ions are present.

An electric fiel is set up in the vicinity of the flame by making the burner
jet positive w.r.t. to a wire loop.
The electric field induces ion migration in such a manner that a small
ionization current is established between the electrodes and this current is
proportional to the concentration of ions in the flame.

The current is amplified and displayed on an output meter.

The unit is ppm.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Calculation of hydrocarbon content