BRUCELLOSIS

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Caused by Brucella abortus Gram negative Intracellular obligate Coccobacilli Non motile Dont ferment sugar Aerobic, + CO2 10% Catalase positive Fastidious
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Brucella species

B. melitensis : goat B. suis: swine B. abortus: cattle B. canis: dog

B. neotomae

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 Brucellosis is a sub-acute or chronic disease which may affect many species of animals. Cattle, sheep, goats, other ruminants and pigs One of the most important diseases of cattle Highly contagious Infection is often not apparent Clinical signs are not pathognomonic Diagnosis is dependent upon demonstration of the presence of Brucella spp. either by isolation of the bacteria or detection of their antigens or genetic material, or by demonstration of specific antibody or cell-mediated immune responses.
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Problem: Public health zoonosis Economic loss significant Seronegative latent infection can occur Very long incubation periode In sexually mature animals the infection localizes in the reproductive system Pregnant animals gravid uterus Typically produces placentitis abortion, premature birth, retained placenta Usually during the last third of pregnancy The male epididymitis and orchitis
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Brucellosis may produce abortion in goats or sheep at about the fourth month of pregnancy.

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Epididymitis (tail of epididymides) in a bull infected by B. melitensis.

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Stamp stain (modified Gimenez method) of vaginal swabs from aborted

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EPIDEMIOLOGI Brucellosis is essentially a disease of animals, especially domesticated livestock, caused by bacteria of the Brucella group Erythritol (saccharide alcohol) : growth stimulant & source of energy of B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis Fetal tissue >>>>>>> Placenta >>>> Testicular tissue >>> Cattle, pig, goat, sheep
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Animals affected by Brucella spp.

HOST Cattle Buffaloes Bison Sheep Goats Swine Dogs B. abortus + + + + (rare) + (rare) + (rare) + B. melitensis + + + + + (rare) + B. suis + (rare) + + + (rare) B. canis + B. ovis + -

Camels
Caribou/R eindeer Elk Horses

+ (rare)
+ +

+
+ (rare)

+ (biovar 4) + (rare)

Rodents

+ (rare)

+ (rare)

+ (biovar 5)

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Polymorphisme of the natural resistance associated monocyte protein (NRAMP) gene Susceptibility to brucella infection

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Aborted fetus Placenta Genital discharge Ingestion Mucous membrane: (vagina, conjunctiva) Skin Venereal

Environment contamination

abortion

Infected colostrum/milk Infected bull Adult calves

Infected herd

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PATHOGENICITY
Lymphatic channels
Portal of entry Regional lymph nodes Thoracic duct Circulations RES especially: supramammary lymphnode -Placenta retained -hygromas ABORTUS 7th months bacteremia

Bacteremia

The uterus Fetal placenta Fetus

Bull

testicles, epididymis , seminal vesicles

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infected semen

sterility
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IMMUNITY Both cellular and humoral are activated Especially is cellular immunity Antibody not prevent bacteremia & reinfection diagnosis Intracellular obligate bacteria multiply in the macrophage travel via lymphatic system lymph nodes circulation internal organ

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DIAGNOSIS
Bacteriologic methods (placental cotyledon, vaginal discharge, fetal stomach contents, milk) - Stained/direct smear. Gram stain: Acid fast stain: week acid fast organism - Culture Serological. Antibody presence in serum/milk - Rose Bengal Test (RBT): agglutination test - ELISA - SAT (Serum Agglutination Test) - CFT (Complement Fixation Test) - Milk testing - Milk Ring Test (MRT) - Intradermal test : Brucellin INRA/ Brucellegene OCB
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PREVENTION Test positive slaughter ineffective Sanitation & hygiene Control of animal movement Vaccination the most effective
Attenuated B. melitensis strain Rev 1 (sheep, goat) Attenuated B. abortus strain 19 (all susceptible species) Non-agglutinogenic B. abortus strain RB51 Recommended to sexually immature female animals

Education programme

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THERAPY

Tetracycline Doxycycline Streptomycin Gentamicine Rifampicin Fluoroquinolones Cotrimoxazole (TMP/SMZ)

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