Harsha Anantwar DSCE,Bangalore

Power quality

 The loads which cause uctuations in the supply voltage unbalanced and harmonics, d.c components require compensation.
Typical loads requiring compensation

Arc furnaces, Induction furnaces, Arc welders, Steel rolling mills, Winders, Very large motors, which start and stop frequently
Other serious loads which degrade power quality

Adjustable speed drives which include power electronic circuitry, All power electronics based converters Rectiers Cyclo converters

 Important aspects to be consider to provide the load

compensation for power quality improvement. 1. Type of Load (unbalance , harmonics and dc component) 2. Real and Reactive power requirements (maximum, minimum and concurrence of maximum real and reactive power requirements in multiple loads) 3. Rate of change of real and reactive power etc.
To correct load with unbalance and harmonics,

instantaneous load compensation methods are used. Theory of Load Compensationfundamental relation ship between supply system ,the load and the compensator

Fundamental Theory of Load Compensation

The supply system can be modeled as a Thevenins

equivalent circuit with an open circuit voltage and a series impedance, The compensator can be modeled as variable impedance or as a variable source (or sink) of reactive current. This modeling and analysis done is on the basis of steady state and phasor quantities are used to note the various parameters in system.

 Conventional methods of load compensation can

eliminate only the fundamental reactive power and unbalance in the steady state.
These kinds of compensators can be realized using

passive LC lters.
However, when harmonics are present in the system,

these methods fails to provide correct compensation

To correct load with unbalance and harmonics,

instantaneous load compensation methods are used.

 The active and reactive power with sinusoidal source and

linear loads are well established, With the non linear load, understanding the reactive and harmonic power is an actual necessity for understanding reactive compensation or harmonic filtering. A new and concise theory to deal with this problem well known in Japan as "instantaneous power theory or pq theory conventional active and reactive power theory, is valid for steady-state analysis New concepts of instantaneous real and imaginary power, as introduced by Akagi, valid for steady-andtransient states

Conventional Theory of active and reactive power

Part "1" has an average value equal to VI cos and has an alternating component 011 it, oscillating at twice the line frequency. This part "1" never becomes negative and therefore, is an unidirectional (dc) power. The average (active) power= VI cos Part "2" is also an alternating component, oscillating at twice the line frequency, has peak value equal to VI sin and zero average value. conventional reactive power is just defined as the peak value of part "2"

 Case2 -Three-phase
- Consider a balanced, three-phase system with phases a, b and c and linear loads,
The instantaneous three phase active power is given by

However in the conventional concepts,

Q3= 3*Q

Because this type of power exists in each phase independently. Its instantaneous sum in the three-phases is equal to zero.

 Sinusoidal Voltage Source and Non-linear Loads

(current contains harmonics at frequencies multiples of )

S2 = P2 + Q2 + H2

 P and Q are, dependent only on the current component

(frequency ) ; H is dependent on the current components with frequencies different from (harmonics); The connection of an L or C component in parallel with the load allows the generation of a current at frequency that absorbs or generates the reactive power Q required by the load. The H depends on frequencies different from can not be eliminated by a single capacitor or inductor. The elimination of H depends on filters that work as a Short circuit for the harmonic current generated by the load.

 As the load may change continuously and the harmonic

contents. too, a theory for transient conditions is necessary.

Akagi et al. have proposed new concepts of instantaneous

active and reactive power, that can be used in transient states

The two important theories for load compensation are

Instantaneous Theory of load compensation known as

pq theory ( The instantaneous reactive power is defined as a unique value for arbitrary three-phase voltage and current waveforms including all distorted waveforms)
Instantaneous Symmetrical Component Theory

pq theory,
we shall rst recall the --0 transformation

A new instantaneous reactive power compensator can eliminate not only the fundamental reactive power in transient states but also some harmonic currents.

pq theory
The instantaneous space vectors, ea and ia are set on the a -

axis, and their amplitude and (,-) direction vary with the passage of time. In the same way, eb and ib are on the b axis, ec and ic are on the c axis. These space vectors are easily transformed into a --0 coordinates

e, and i are on the axis, and e and i are on the, axis. Their amplitude and (,-) direction vary with the passage of .time

Instantaneous Imaginary Power To deal with instantaneous voltages and currents in threephase circuits mathematically, it is adequate to express their quantities as the instantaneous space vectors. In order to define the instantaneous reactive power, instantaneous imaginary power space vector defined by

q space vector is the imaginary axis vector and is perpendicular to the real plane on the - -

coordinates, Taking into consideration that e is parallel to i,, and e to i,and that e is perpendicular to i and e to i. the conventional instantaneous power, p and the instantaneous imaginary power q,

p = e* i+e * i

it is defined by the product of the instantaneous voltage in one axis and the instantaneous current in the same axis. p is the real power in the three-phase circuit.
Conversely, q= e * i and e* i are defined by the

product of the instantaneous voltage in one axis and the instantaneous current in the perpendicular axis.
q is the instantaneous imaginary power .

pq theory, For three-phase system shown in Fig. 1,.

Three-phase balanced system is expressed using following voltages and currents.

Va Vb, Vc are phase voltages.

In a-b-c coordinates, the a, b, and c axes are fixed on the same plane, apart from each other by 2/3,
, and , axes are the orthogonal coordinates.

The --0 transformation for voltages and currents are given below

The instantaneous active, p(t)

The instantaneous active, p(t)

advantage of using the --0 transformation is to separate the zero-sequence component of the system.

The instantaneous reactive power, q(t)

 The sum of the instantaneous powers, pp and pp

coincides with the instantaneous real power in the three-phase circuit. Therefore, pp and pp are named instantaneous active power. The instantaneous powers, Pq and pq cancel each other and make no contribution to the instantaneous power flow from the source to the load. Therefore, Pq and pq are named instantaneous reactive power.

 Quantities in equation are all instantaneous and valid for

transient or steady state, and harmonics may be present in voltage and/or current. In the conventional concepts the reactive power corresponds to the peak value of the of the instantaneous power whose mean-value is zero Now, in the new concepts the reactive power corresponds to the parts of the instantaneous power, that is dependent on the instantaneous imaginary power q, exists in each phase independently, but vanishes when added

Three-phase Sinusoidal Voltage Supplying a Non-linear Load

as

Suppose an electrical system with the voltages sources

Unbalanced Three-phase 4-Wire System

 The zero-sequence power po is exactly equal to the

power in a single-phase circuit, having an average part and an alternating component. Its characteristics is similar to the real power p(gives the amount of energy being transported per second from source to load There is no reactive power in Po. Both positive and negative sequence produces, and Only positive and negative sequences can produce reactive power,

REACTIVE AND HARMONIC POWER COMPENSATION

Initially, the compensation of the power terms that depend on q (i.e.. and ) will be considered.

 Instantaneously, the reactive power required by one

phase can be supplied by the other one. Therefore, no energy storage element is necessary to compensate for these power terms. compensation of q, means compensation of the conventional reactive power q and q~( the harmonic imaginary power) Since p, represents the power that is effectively converted into work and therefore has to be supplied by the source, only may be compensated.

COMPENSATION OF

 A new instantaneous reactive power compensator can eliminate not

only the fundamental reactive power in transient states but also some harmonic currents.

Normal Operating Conditions

Supply Impedance Supply Current

PCC
+ VPCC

Linear Load

Supply Voltage

Nonlinear Operating Conditions

Supply Impedance Supply Current

PCC
+ VPCC

Nonlinear Load

Supply Voltage

Harmonics from Arc Furnaces

Passive Filters
Use L - C tuned components

Filter banks tuned for the undesired harmonics

L L C C

Active Filters
Use active switching components
Only one filter needed to eliminate all the unwanted harmonics Used for power factor correction

Typical Active Filter Circuit

~
Power Circuit Actual Signal Feedback

Non-linear Load

PWM Switching Strategy

Overall System Controller

Reference Current Generator

Typical Active Filter Circuit

~
Power Circuit
Actual Current Feedback

Non-linear Load

PWM Switching Strategy

Overall System Controller

Reference Current Generator

Thank You