Agriculture development in Telangana

M.Devender Reddy, Director (Retd.,) Water Technology Centre, Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad -500030, India, email: metukudevender@gmail.com Talk delivered on March 4, 2014 at WTc, ANGRAU, Hyderabad in a seminar on Agriculture development in Telangana

Telangana state formation in 2014

Formed with agitation by Telangana Samajam Expected to be - corruption free state -Poverty less state - Employment to youth, Education, Empoverment of women and have nots and Skill development of unemployed

Status of resources and its utilization

The net, gross and rainfed area in Telangana (000ha) 2010-`11

District Normal Rainfall, mm Net Gross Cropped Cropped Area Area % Of Rainfed To Net Cropped Area 70 48 74 71 42 44 60 43 89 % Of Cropping Rainfed To Intensity Gross Cropped Area 73 1.14 68 1.62 80 1.30 74 1.12 55 1.29 56 1.28 64 1.11 60 1.43 90 1.10 69

Rangareddy Nizamabad Medak Mahabubnag Nalgonda Warangal Khammam Karimnagar Adilabad Telangana

781 1036 868 604 753 994 1124 970 1157

202 259 427 819 454 434 397 393 575 3960

230 420 554 917 585 557 439 563 634 4899

40 years (1963-2002) district wise rainfall data Indicate:

Amount of rainfall decreased in all the Telangana districts during 1993-2002 compared to previous three decades (196392).

Decade wise area under Agriculture in Telangana (000ha)

Land Utilization Geographical area Cultivable waste Other fallow Current fallow Net area sown Area sown more than once Total cropped area 1955-56 10559 358 326 970 4657 171 4828 2005-06 11477 192 855 1674 4211 908 5119

Reasons for Current fallows

There is a direct relation between the rainfall pattern and the extent of fallows In drought year, the fallow lands increase Late release of canal water High cost of cultivation on account of high cost of labour and inputs Non remunerative sale of produce at harvest time Non-availability of labor in peak season of agricultural operation on account of NREGS Non-availability of the Credit and quality inputs in time Ineffective procurement Insufficient storage space

Regional Variations in Agricultural Productivity A District Level Study (Ramesh Chand, Sanjeev Garg, and Lalmani Pandey,
2009)

District
Rangareddy Nizamabad Medak

Land productivity, Rs/ha

27508 42167 24232

Mahabubnagar
Nalgonda Warangal Khammam Karimnagar Adilabad Telangana

15704
26876 33895 36108 34577 19436

The number of suicides during 2006-2011 (Six years )in Telangana District
Rangareddy Nizamabad Medak Mahabubnagar Nalgonda Warangal Khammam Karimnagar Adilabad

No in six years
87 34 87 81 86 97 23 161 77

Telangana

733

Agriculture development in Telangana

Villagers with less resources Dairy industry- decrease in cattle population, selection of high yielding breed so that it yield more milk

Cultivable land Availability/ Development

Decrease in land availabilility

-Assigned land development

-Project Submerged areas -Scheduled areas 1/70

Cropped area of paddy, jowar, bajra and maize during Kahrif and Rabi 2010-11
District Rangareddy Nizamabad Medak PADDY Kharif Rabi 21806 97846 66247 14448 67758 43029 52871 162800 71487 39069 158739 16337 626538 JOWAR Kharif Rabi 18228 1513 23077 47110 2970 214 209 11 23712 8511 7574 18133 14450 7185 6781 4156 340 31241 98371 BAJRA Kharif 313 11 517 6376 2970 12 23 0 0 10222 Rabi 958 10115 12701 MAIZE Kharif 26257 54796 96373 116868 2296 48082 16124 75758 16486 Rabi 1005 13653 4441 3345 333 27250 17018 49014 7473

Mahabubna 99683 gar Nalgonda 164314 Warangal Khammam Adilabad Telangana 132325 135057 52038 909615

Karimnagar 140299

453040 123532

Pulses cropped area in Telangana during Kahrif and Rabi 2010-, 2011
District Redgram Bengal Greengram gram Blackgram

Kharif Rabi Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Rangareddy 34855 91 6796 11368 2 7566 1 Nizamabad 3734 88 23826 18332 459 14621 1063 Medak 25442 142 38163 51345 47 21962 2 Mahabubna 86456 99 22939 27916 40 2446 56 gar Nalgonda 38605 1309 700 31562 271 0 2091 2227 101 Warangal 20115 1109 1490 25892 3040 466 1989 552 164 Khammam 15730 1014 198 15590 6762 493 7400 51 296 Karimnagar 8731 194 2793 9793 2283 35 552 529 512 Adilabad 40142 2255 16738 10421 2589 13863 1414 719 38 Telangana 273810 6301 113643 202219 15493 61452 14568 5235 1271

Hors Other egra pulse m Rabi Rabi 233 5 37 63 307 84 580 5

Cotton cropped area in Telangana during 2010-11

District Rangareddy Nizamabad Medak Mahabubnagar Nalgonda Warangal Khammam Karimnagar Adilabad Telangana

Area, ha 22447 12817 48350 96948 130054 182507 126728 173924 254991 1048766

Oil seeds cropped area in Telangana during Kahrif and Rabi 2010-11
Groundnut Sesamum Sunflower castor Safflo wer Kharif Rabi 6085 2910 0 2371 801 7266 98858 650 26860 6 2080 1 0 0 899 0 204 124 135787 13328

District

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi KharifRabi Rangareddy 169 6622 694 0 185 331 Nizamabad 24 2384 21 1926 100 21295 Medak 202 1753 1003 111 970 13125 Mahabubnagar 28117 74263 516 12 8064 15126 Nalgonda 9804 16644 4117 29 37 1324 Warangal 7474 27203 10328 226 0 371 Khammam 358 5985 1776 3303 0 426 Karimnagar 425 13700 103 4117 0 881 Adilabad 26 3895 1281 5308 0 4992 Telangana 46599 152449 19839 15032 9356 57871

Soy an Kh

41 2

77

Vegetable cropped area in Telangana during rabi 2010-11

District Rangareddy Nizamabad Medak Mahabubnagar Nalgonda Warangal Khammam Karimnagar Adilabad Telangana Chillies

481 1352 1155 769 1246 9603 9228 89 487 24410

Coriander Onion 145 2027 238 1609 1468 3431 246 959 1292 2 206 314 4 5 20 620 640 498 4259 9465

 Rice is the most important irrigated crop It is the predominant crop consuming major irrigation water under food and non food crops.

Major Constraints
Erratic behavior of Rainfall leading to often Droughts Prolonged dry spells / Excess rains during critical stages of crop growth leading to reduction in yields / crop failure Degraded and poor soils often subjected to runoff and soil erosion Non availability of credit to resource poor & tenant farmers The inability of farmers to market, surplus produce lack of storage facility Small and Marginal holdings difficulty in use of farm machinery Lack of adequate animal and mechanical traction Limited scope for crop diversification / contingent cropping etc. Shortage of labour in dry lands Migration to commands and urban areas Inadequate extension reach for technology dissemination Shortage of grass lands / green fodder obstacle for integrated farming

Irrigation development in Telangana (000ha)

Year 1955-56 1960-61 1965-66 1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 Tanks 447.2 411.5 495.5 448.4 433.8 349.7 289.7 392.2 249.8 269.0 254.0 Canals 114.7 132.1 147.9 220.1 251.2 269.1 316.8 351.9 209.4 300.0 264.0 Tube wells 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 5.8 8.6 9.5 60.9 267.0 462.0 622.0 Net irrigated area 697.5 689.8 832.3 864.8 932.3 982.0 1017.5 1497.5 1366.3 1681.0 1668.0

District wise irrigated area under different sources 2009-10 (000 ha)
Dist
Tanks
RR NZB MED MBNR NLG WGL 2.49 3.69 1.11 6.39 12.31 11.36 12.53 4.57

Net area irrigated by

Canals
0.39 0.63 0.54 31.94 53.70 0.0 44.52

Tube wells
49.44 122.71 94.80 172.37 154.28 72.91 49.21

Dug wells
6.31 3.32 10.83 14.15 38.25 158.24 38.91

Other Total Sources

1.85 2.33 1.27 10.96 6.23 2.02 13.34 60.48 132.68 108.56 235.80 264.77 244.53 158.52

Area Gross Irrigated irrigat > once ed area 18.30 107.18 66.69 76.06 88.66 91.99 23.02 78.78 239.86 175.24 314.86 353.42 336.52 181.54

KMM
ADB Tela

KRMR 2.40

0.32
5.41

32.63
29.32

188.22
23.48

0.25
0.88

223.84
63.66

146.43
17.13

370.27
80.79

Facts about ground water

During the past 25 years, the number of wells increased with increase in irrigated area A fall of 1.9 m water depth from 1997 to 2007. 5 wells per km2 in 1998 increased to 10 per km2 in 2007. The Central Ground Water Board has declared many mandals as critical and over-exploited Excess fluoride in groundwater-based drinking water supply is a growing concern in Telangana.

Challenges.
Increase in average food grains yield from irrigated areas from 2.5 t to 4 t per hectare improves the efficiency of water. water use efficiencies are around 25 to 35 percent in canalirrigated areas and a slightly higher for groundwater irrigated areas. A ten percent increase in irrigation efficiency can add additional irrigated area. Bridging the gap between irrigation potential created and utilized will be more cost effective than creation of more storage capacities.

Drivers of change in water system

Climate change and variability have the potential to impose additional pressures on water availability, accessibility, supply and demand The drivers of change in water system are Rainfall (climate), population and land use.

Adapting water management to potential future changes in climate emphasizes the need to:
Accept existing climatic variability as a given measure and improve understanding of variability, and improve understanding of the impacts of climate change on variability Rethink water storage, emphasizing underground opportunities to minimize the impacts of variability and utilize the storage continuum Improve understanding of the role of natural ecosystems in variability Improve understanding of how humans influence variability Develop and manage water resources fairly share water, land, and food in a cooperative manner and in a way that does not leave vulnerable groups disproportionately burdened by the impacts of variability

Irrigation Water
Bore lifts availabilty of electricity Tanks (silted); Modernization Irrigation stabilization

Community Water Demand Management Possibility 1: Stop summer irrigated cropping Possibility 2: Limit bore well depths Possibility 3: Limiting irrigated cultivation

Services
Agriculture loans : Leased farmers Crop insurance : Drought/ Excess rainfall- Village as unit and all crops Farmers without loans should be brought under insurance

Subsidies
Mechanization Subsidies Strengthening Co-operatives Agribased industries Agri-institutions strengthening

Support to rain fed agriculture

Pulses , cereals, vegetables Research on rain fed agriculture - Focus on demand for water -Aim to reduce irrigation demand ( Let communities decide how to manage water) Damage from monkeys and wild boars Support price to produce

Summary
Cultivable land Availability/ Development Rice is the predominant crop consuming major irrigation water under food and non food crops Research on rain fed agriculture Develop and manage water resources fairly share water, land, and food in a cooperative manner and in a way that does not leave vulnerable groups Increase in irrigation efficiency which can add additional irrigated area.

Summary
During the past 25 years, the number of wells increased with increase in irrigated area Bore lifts availabilty of electricity; Tanks (silted); Modernization Irrigation stabilization; Mechanization Subsidies Strengthening Co-operatives Agribased industries Agri-institutions strengthening Agriculture loans : Leased farmers Crop insurance Support price to produce Storage of produce