-serves as the communication link between the brain and all parts of the body

-the part of the nervous system outside the CNS, consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord

-carry impulses to and from the spinal cord -carry impulses to and from the brain

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYTEM

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SNS) AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)

-skeletal nervous system -voluntary nervous system -its role is to carry first the sensory information to the CNS and then carries messages from the CNS to skeletal muscles

-involuntary nervous system - regulates the activity of the smooth and cardiac muscles and glands -it has 2 parts: a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic

NEURONS

Neurons -also called nerve cells -transmit information throughout the body

3 parts of neurons: a.Cell body b.Dendrites c.Axon

Cell Body - the metabolic center - provides nourishment

Dendrites - Convey incoming messages toward the cell body Axons - Generate nerve impulses and conduct them away from the cell body

Neurons may have hundreds of branching dendrites, but each neuron has only one axon.

Axon Terminals

Myelin Sheath

The axon is responsible for transmitting neural impulses also known as action potentials. If there is no action potential moving down the axon, then the axon is at rest. On the other hand, if the neuron is activated, the axon potential occurs and travels more quickly.

2 TYPES OF NEURONS:

1.Sensory Neurons (Afferent) -neuron carrying impulses from sensory receptors (in the internal organs or skin) to the CNS -toward the brain

2. Motor Neurons (Efferent)

-neurons carrying impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or muscles and glands -away from the brain

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

-responsible for involuntary actions such as heartbeat, digestion, pupil dilation, dislodging of food into the throat, and breathing

1. Sympathetic Nervous System - responsible for arousing the body for action and preparing forces in times of stress - fight or flight system - stimulates

2. Parasympathetic Nervous System - relaxes or controls the body from stress - responsible for calming the body in order to conserve energy - inhibits

Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)

Peripheral Nervous System (cranial and spinal nerves) Sensory(afferent) Sense Organs Motor (efferent)
Autonomic (involuntary)
Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Somatic (voluntary)

Cardiac and smooth muscle, glands

Skeletal muscles

THE BRAIN

The Brain - 1.3 kg - pinkish-gray jellylike tissue - approximately 100 B nerve cells/neurons

Neuroglia- supporting cells Vascular- blood-carrying

Parts of the Brain:

1.Cerebral Hemispheres 2.Diencephalon 3.Brain Stem 4.Cerebellum

The Cerebral Hemispheres - most superior part - largest part - right and left

Gyri- elevated ridges of tissue, separated by shallow grooves called sulci

Fissures- deeper grooves

LOBES: 1.Parietal lobe 2.Occipital lobe 3.Temporal lobe 4.Frontal lobe

Parietal Lobe -somatic sensory area -recognize pain, coldness or a light touch

Frontal Lobe - primary motor area - allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles - higher intellectual reasoning

Brocas Area - a specialized area that is involved in our ability to speak

Occipital lobe - visual area Temporal lobe - auditory area and olfactory area - complex memories

Wernickes Area -responsible for language comprehension

DIENCEPHALON -interbrain -major structures: 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Epithalamus

Thalamus -relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex

Hypothalamus -under the thalamus -regulation of body temperature, water balance, and metabolism

Hypothalamus -center for thirst, appetite, sex, pain and pleasure -regulates the pituitary gland

Limbic System -called the old brain -involved in emotional responses

Limbic System -structures:

1.Fornix 2.Hippocampus 3.Amygdala 4.Hypothalamus 5.Septum

Fornix -an arched, vaultlike or triangular structure of white matter in the brain that is situated between the hippocamous and the hypothalamus

Hippocampus -Greek origin which means seahorse because of its shape

Hippocampus -consolidating learning and in converting information fro working memory by means of electrical signals to longterm memory system

Hippocampus -responsible for making constant check for the information relayed to the working memory

Hippocampus -significant in constructing meaning in our everyday life occurrences

Amygdala -is an almond-shape structure that can stimulate rage , fear, or pleasure -encodes an emotional message

Amygdala -responsible for the production of aggression and fear

Epithalamus -parts: 1. Pineal body 2. Choroid plexus

BRAIN STEM -Structures: 1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla oblongata

Midbrain -reflex centers involved with vision and hearing

Pons -involved in the control of breathing

Medulla oblongata -contains that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting

Reticular formation -plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycle -damage can result to coma

CEREBELLUM -provide precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance and equilibrium

Thank you!
By: Juliville H. Salinas