Prepared By: Hussein Bin Alias Ba Eng Hons (Civil), UTM

Ordinary Portland Cement.

 Cement is any material that binds or unites essentially like glue. In civil engineering or construction, the word cement or cementitious material refer to an ingredient in concrete, mortar or grout.

Is the product obtained by grinding clinker formed by burning raw-materials (argillaceous and calcareous) primarily consisting of lime (CaO), silicate (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), and iron oxide (Fe2O3)

 Natural taken from natural deposits without change in their nature during production Manufactured include blast furnace slag,clay, lightweight aggregate

 Less

than 5 mm

greater than 5 mm (10, 20, 40 mm)

 Purpose/Peranan For hydration and workability washing/membasuh curing/mengawet

Condition/Syarat Clean no (acid, alkali, sulfate, clay, sugar dan chloride) Jika khuatir bandingkan masa memejal dan kekuatan mampatan dengan konkrit air suling/ air paip

 The

active ingredient in concrete is cement and water. The aggregates also is an inert material,lengai. Aggregates do not give any action during the hydration process but act as filler space and provide strength, durability and resistance force of a shrink,pengecutan. As the aggregate price cheaper than other materials so it can use the maximum possible.

Good quality concrete sufficient amount of cement well graded aggregates ample compaction and, minimum mixing water

Concrete able to bear a great burden, has its abrasion resistance lelasan, acid resistance force and prevent another attack damage.

 a)

Strong b) The cost of the cheapest c) Easily available d) Easy shaped mold e) Durable f) Have the fire resistance g) Permanent shape under load h) not absorb serap j) Non-Shrink kecut k) Non-Brittle rapuh

Types of Portland Cement Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (RHPC) Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement (SRPC) Modified Portland Cement (MPC) Low Heat Portland Cement (LHPC) Portland-Blastfurnace Cement (PBC) Portland-Pozzolan Cement (PPC) Others

Oxide CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO Alkalis (Na2O) SO3

% 60 67 17 25 38 0.5 0.6 0.5 4.0 0.3 1.2 2.0 3.5

Stor waterproof storage, land suitable for good air circulation, surface floor cleaning and all openings have lids and close tightly. Bags of cement stacked vertically not more than 1 meters (5 feet) tall and is placed on the seat height from the surface at least 23 cm and 30 cm from the wall. Cement sorted by the time it is received in order to avoid long retained.

Silo i. Stored in dry conditions to prevent freezing air (water setting) to form cement details freezes half. ii. Silos should be in waterproof. iii. Checks should always be made to detect so it is always waterproof and resistant to air. iv. Keeping with this method better because labor is used to a minimum. No need to transport to storage. v. Avoid wastage if bags of cement leak or rupture vi. efficient storage.

SILO

Types of rock commonly used Granite hard, tough and dense Sandstone may contain clay Limestone may contain clay

Types of aggregates based on specific gravity Lightweight aggregate < 1200 kg/m3 Normal weight aggregate 2300 2500 kg/m3
Specific gravity in the range of 2.5-3.0

Heavyweight aggregate 4000 8500 kg/m3

Barite with specific gravity of 4.5

 From

river or quarry River - spherical/ round Quarry sharp 3 types 10mm, 20 mm,40mm Popular size 20 mm

 Granite-

Hard, tough and dense with an specific gravity 2.6 2.7. and sandstone wth an average specific gravity 2.0 to 2.6 can be hard to soft, heavy to light, dense to porous.

Limestone

1. Sand river 2. Sand Mine 3. Sea sand River sand and sea sand is fine aggregate is the most suitable because they are free from any chemical impurities or other substances that may affect the quality of concrete. Manufactured sand called m-sand substitute for river sand is scarce in large quantities. Manufactured sand obtained from the quarry through the process of crushing coarse sand filtered and graded. Graded sand generally of good quality and comparable with river sand and the cheaper price.

Mixing Water -fit for drinking, unless high concentration of sodium and pottasium

-contain dissolve solid less than 1000ppm

- water with pH 6.0-8.0, does not taste saline or brakish (contain chlorides and sulfates) considered suitable chloride content < 500ppm, or SO3 < 1000ppm, water is harmless

 Concrete

mix design is a process of selecting the appropriate constituents of the inner concrete so it can produce the concrete mix is strong, hardy, has a high workability and economical.

 Mixture

ratio must be in accordance with specifications set to produce the required strength. The strength of concrete depends on the mixing ratio

Gred Konkrit 7 10 15

Kekuatan ciri (N/mm) 7 10 15

Kegunaan Konkrit tanpa tetulang.

Konkrit tetulang dengan batu baur ringan.

20 25 30

20 25 30

Konkrit tetulang dengan batu baur padu. Konkrit tetulang tegas dulu.

40
50

40
50

Konkrit
kemudian.

tetulang

tegas

 The

strength of concrete is usually meant when it reaches the crushing strength of cubes of 150mm (6 ") at the point of 28 days. This strength is known as the characteristic strength of the concrete.

 Fixed

mixture -based on weight In some cases, the engineers have set the mixing ratio, and the contractor is required to present the right mix as described.

 DOE

METHOD.

Minimal strength but often less than prescribed and due to the low cement content, cause it is often not durable. Mixing rate is difficult to control the volume and mix nominal specifications so controlling the water content.

Therefore, the specifications of the mix is not recommended except as required at site or the quality of the concrete is required to be conducted by hand. Preparation of materials with heavy mixing rate is encouraged and must have resolution of engineers.

Definition Property of the concrete which determines its ability to be placed, compacted and finished (the greatest emphasis should be placed on compaction) The amount of work needed to produce full compaction thereby relating it to the placing rather than handling process (Can be associate with cohesion, mobility, internal friction, pump and finishing) High workability: easy to place, compact and work with