Inorganic elements

State the name of elements State the function of each elements in animal and plant cell

Water molecules

List the importance of water in the cell:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Biochemical reaction Solvent Transport medium Maintaining osmotic balance Support Moisture alveoli Lubrication mucus Maintaining body tempt

Organic compound in the cell

Basic element: C, H, O

 Always contain carbon and hydrogen Usually contain covalent bonds Usually large, unique molecules with complex functions Make up 40% of body mass

Carbohydrate

Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide

Carbohydrates
Substances formed from C, H, and O Main function is source of energy for ATP formation Forms only 2-3 % of total body weight
glycogen is storage in liver and muscle tissue sugar building blocks of DNA & RNA (deoxyribose & ribose sugars) Only plants produce starch for energy storage

Monosaccharides
Glucose Fructose Galactose

Characteristic of the monosaccharide

Water soluble Crystallization Colorless Sweet to taste

Food test:

Disaccharide
Sucrose Maltose Lactose

Fatty acid Glycerol

List the importance of lipids

List the importance of proteins:

Amino acid
Essential
Need to take by food Can be synthesized by body First class protein Found in animals

Non-essential
Almost found in plant Can be synthesized by our body

 Peptide bond can be broken by:

Heat Dilute acids Enzymes

Denaturation:
Loss of three dimensional structure By heat or chemical

Polypeptide chain

Various protein structures

e.g.: hormone insulin

e.g.: hormone, antibodies, enzyme

e.g.: hemoglobin

DNA Structure
Huge molecules containing C, H, O, N and P A molecule of DNA is a chain of nucleotides Nucleotide nitrogenous base (A-G-T-C), a 5- carbon sugar, and a phosphate group

Answer:
1. Proteins: most enzymes are proteins, primarily tertiary and quaternary structures. 2. Catalyst: chemical agent that accelerates a reaction without being permanently changed in the process.

3. Selective: enzymes are specific for which they will catalyze (Specificity - depends upon 3D shape).
4. Recycled: enzymes are reusable.

Work rapidly Not destroyed after reaction Can work both direction Extremely specific Denatured by high temperature Sensitive to pH

Name according to substrate it catalyst ase endings:

sucrase
maltase

lactase
A few enzymes are named before : pepsin, trypsin, rennin

Lock and key hypothesis

Enzyme is specific to its substrate When pH change, the charge of active sites change,

 Huge molecules containing C, H, O, N and phosphorus Each gene of our genetic material is a piece of DNA that controls the synthesis of a specific protein A molecule of DNA is a chain of nucleotides Nucleotide = nitrogenous base (A-G-T-C), a 5carbon sugar, and a phosphate group

Factors affecting the rate of enzymatic reactions

pH [acidity and alkalinity]

Enzymes are affected by changes in pH Most work best at pH 7 A change of pH, will change the active site charge of enzyme molecules, not able to form enzyme substrate complex

Rate of enzyme reaction Amylase [mouth]

Pepsin [stomach]

Amylase [duodenum]

14

pH

Heat
Most work best at optimum temperature 37 C Extreme heat (above) denaturation of enzyme molecule Active site altered not able to form enzyme substrate complex In cold condition [below 20] enzyme inactive

Rate of enzyme reaction

37

60

TEMPT [c]

Substrate concentration
If the concentration of substrate increase, the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase . When all active sites filled with substrate, the rate remains constant.

Rate of enzyme reaction

Substrate concentration

Enzyme concentration
If the concentration of enzyme increase, the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase . When all substrate are used at one time, the rate remains constant.

Rate of enzyme reaction

Enzyme concentration

Design an experiment :
The effect of pH/ temperature on enzymatic activities

Enzymes in daily life

State the use of enzyme in:
Food production Dairy industry Biological detergent Textile industry Leather industry Paper industry