Fluid Ch1

Fluid Mechanics, KU, 2007
: 2, 2-3 ( 369)
(ahn@korea.ac.kr), 3290-3301, 701
: , , 3290-3729, 732
: , /
:
Process Fluid Mechanics, Morton M. Denn, Prentice-Hall (1980)
Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Stanley Middleman (1997)
Transport Phenomena, Bird et al. (2001)
Analysis of Transport Phenomena, Deen (1998)
Incompressible Flow, Panton (1996)
Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer, Welty et al. (2000)
Fluids: Liquids ?

Fluids: Gases ?
Vincent van Gogh, 1889
Fluids: Solids ?

Deborahs Viewpoints
The Deborah number is a dimensionless number, used in rheology to
characterize how "fluid" a material is. Even some apparent solids "flow" if
they are observed long enough; the origin of the name, coined by Prof.
Markus Reiner, is the line "The mountains flowed before the Lord" in a
song by prophetess Deborah recorded in the Bible (Judges 5:5).

Formally, the Deborah number is defined as the ratio of a relaxation time,
characterizing the intrinsic fluidity of a material, and the characteristic
time scale of an experiment (or a computer simulation) probing the
response of the material. The smaller the Deborah number, the more
fluid the material appears.

The equation is thus:

where t
c
refers to the characteristic timeframe and t
p
refers to the
timeframe of the phenomenon.
Album of Fluid Motion
M. Van Dyke (1982)
Creeping flow
Hele-Shaw flow past a circle
Flow in a wedge (Moffat effect)
Flow over a rectangular cavity
Flow past closer spheres
Laminar flow
Secondary streaming induced by an
oscillating cylinder
Separation flow
Laminar separation from a curved wall
Cylinder at Re=26 R=10,000
Symmetric plane flow past an airfoil
Vortices
Starting vortex on a wedge
Karman vortex street behind a circular
cylinder at Re=140
Instability
Capillary instability of a liquid jet Axisymmetric laminar Taylor vortex
Convection in a rotating annulus
Instability
Hexagonal Benard convection
Kelvin-Helmoltz instability of
stratified shear flow
Turbulence
Turbulent water jet
Turbulence
Wake of a grounded tankship
Free-surface flow
Spilling breaking waves
Atomization from a nozzle
Example 1: Transient simulation of complex chemical processes
Schematic diagram of spinning process
Flow
direction
Spinneret
Take-up
Diameter
S
p
i
n
l
i
n
e

d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

Modeling and Simulation
Equation of continuity
+ Equation of motion
+ Constitutive equation
+ Energy equation
+ etc.
Example 2: Transient simulation of complex chemical processes
Die
Cast film
Neck-in
Edge bead
Cross-section of the film
Chill roll
Schematic diagram
Example 3: Transient simulation of a complex chemical processes
Example 4: Curtain coating flow
(APPROACH TO
EXTENSIONAL FLOW)
FILM FORMING ZONE
TAKE-AWAY ZONE
(AFTER KISTLER (1983))
CURTAIN FORMING ZONE
CURTAIN FLOW ZONE
IMPINGEMENT ZONE
DYNAMIC
CONTACT LINE
STATIC
CONTACT LINE
Part I. Introduction
Morton M. Denn, Process Fluid Mechanics (1980)
Chap. I: Process Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics
~ concerned with the motion of fluids (liquid or gas) and the forces
associated with the motion
~ can explain the nature of physical phenomena involving the fluid flows
One of fundamental transport phenomena
- Momentum, heat, and mass transfer

1. Introduction
2. Macro-problems
Pipeline flow
Power to pump the fluid Decision for optimal pipe size

Packed reactor

~ focused on some overall characteristics of the motion itself
(No detailed structure of the flow filed)
Torque required to turn the screw
Extruder screw speed
Pressure build-up along the screw
Drawing speed & tension

Pressure drop
Fiber drawing (fiber spinning)
3. Micro-problems
Heat transfer coefficient
- Detailed structure of the flow field
- Analogy with heat and mass transports
Particle-fluid mass transfer
Chap 2. Physical Properties
Density (): related to inertia & incompressible flow
Viscosity (q or ): resistance to flow

1. Introduction
2. Units
Characteristic dimensions: length (L), mass (M), time (u)
ex) velocity: L/u (m/s in SI units)
SI units: length (m), mass (kg), time (s)

Table 2-2
3. Continuum hypothesis
Density = mass / unit volume:
( , , , ) t x y z
x y z
v v v v
t x y z

| | c c c c
= V = + +
|
c c c c
\ .
Chap.7
0
lim ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , )
V
m
x y z
V
m x y z dV x y z dxdydz

A
A
= =
A
= =
} }}}
- Fluid elements dimension >> molecular dimension
- Meaningful for any volume, no matter how small
Continuum hypothesis: mathematical limits for volumes tending to zero are
reached over a scale that remains large compared to molecular dimensions.
4. Viscosity
Fluid: material that cannot sustain a shearing in the absence of motion
Viscosity measures the ease with which a fluid will flow
Operational definition of viscosity
H A <<
Infinite parallel plates
For const. U and H,

For const. A, F=F(U/H) monotonically,

Shear stress:

F A
U
F F
H
| |
=
|
\ .
( / )
s
F
force area
A
t =
(1/ )
s
U
time
H
I =
Shear rate:
( )
0
s s s
s
s
d
d
t t
t
= I
>
I
Shear stress ~ unique function of shear rate

Monotonically increasing
Viscosity,

1 Pa.s = 10 p (g/cm.s) = 10
3
cp (e.g., water = 1 cp)
s
s
stress
strain rate
t
q = =
I
Newtonian fluids
Constant viscosity (q) with varying shear rate (I
s
)
e.g., low molecular weight liquids, all gases,
Effect of temp. on q: For gases, T | q | (See Figs. 2-5, 2-6)
For liquids, T | q +

( , ) ( )
s
T T for Newtonian q q q = I
?
stress
strain
Non-Newtonian fluids
e.g., high molecular weight liquids, slurries, suspensions,

( )
s
q q = I
( )
( )
0
ln
1
ln
s s s
s s
s
s s s
s
d d d
d d d
d
d
t q
t q q
q
q
= I I
I
= = + I >
I I I
>
I
on log-log scale, viscosity function cannot drop off faster than slope -1
Bingham Plastic
Newtonian Fluid
Viscosity vs. shear rate?
Shear thinning fluids (pseudoplastic) Shear thickening fluids (dilatant)
Bingham plastic (has yield stress)
e.g., Mayonnaise, blood, some paints,
Upper Newtonian region
Lower Newtonian region
Difficult to measure two limiting values !
Power-law region
1
( )
n
s s
K q

I = I
Power-law equation:
K: consistency factor, n: power-law index (n>0)
n 1 : Newtonian case
- Many processes are in power-law region, fitting data very well.
- Convenient equation for difference and integration.
Time-dependent viscosity functions:
e.g. some suspensions are time-dependent
Viscosity changes in time with steady shearing (due to the structure change)
Rheopectic: the longer the fluid undergoes shear, the higher its viscosity
(e.g., lubricants)
Thixotropy: become less viscous, the longer the fluid undergo shear
Kinematic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity:

= Momentum diffusivity

2
( / ) m s
q
v
=
2
( / )
p
k
m s
C
o
= Thermal diffusivity:
Mass diffusivity:
2
( / )
AB
D m s
( )
( )
1
2
2
0
1
n
s
q q

q q
= + I
Carreau model:
Measurement
Linear velocity:
Merit compared with parallel plate flow ?
H R <<
U R = O
Shear rate:
s
R
H
O
I =
3
3 3
2
0
,
,
2
s s
R
Force dF dA dA RLd
H
R L
Torque dG RdF d
H
R L R L
G dG d
H H
t
t q q u
q u
tq
q u
O
| |
= = I =
|
\ .
| | O
= =
|
\ .
| | O O
= = =
|
\ .
} }
3
cos ,
2
GH
Vis ity
R L
q
t
=
O
Couette viscometer
- Giving rise to pressure difference (AP) across an interface
R
1
R
2

ds
1

ds
2
n

ds
1

ds
2
F
2
=o ds
2
F
1
=o ds
1
o: force/unit length
acting across a line element in a surface
Normal to line, tangential to surface
Components of four forces in the direction of normal n to the surface
5. Viscoelasticity
Skip Chap. 19
6. Interfacial tension
Property of a liquid-gas or liquid-liquid interface
Net n component of force due to interfacial tension
1 2
1 2
1 1
F ds ds
R R
| |
= +
|
\ .
o
o
i o
1 2
1 1
P P
R R
| |
= +
|
\ .
o
- for static fluids
n

du
1
R
1
o ds
2

o ds
2

ds
1

du
1
n component of these forces along ds
2
2 1
1
ds sin d
2
| |
|
\ .
o u
2 2 1 1 2
1
1
F ds d ds ds
2 R
| |
~ =
|
\ .
o
o u
1 1 1
1 1
ds R d
1 1
sin d d
2 2
u
u u
=
| |
=
|
\ .
1 1 2
2
F ds ds
R
=
o
Interface
Liquid
Air
P < P
A

Fictitious Pressure Tank
Liquid
Flat Interface (No Curvature)
Wall
P = P
A

P
A

Surface tension induces a pressure drop across a curved interface
Qualitative pressures are as indicated in liquid for wavy interface shown
Interfacial curvatures Pressure drops Flow

1. If there is no , the pressures are precisely atmospheric in the fluid at the
interface
2. The mechanism above is partially responsible for the healing of streaks
Pressure-Induced
Flow
Air
Liquid
Interface Having Surface Tension
Wall
Pressure-Induced
Flow
P < P
A
P > P
A
P > P
A
P
A

Fluid Ch1

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