Chapter# 2 Linear Equations Lecture 1

Learning Objectives:
To

understand the concept of linear equation in two variables. To apply the above concept in practical business applications. To be able to demonstrate the graphical characteristics of linear equation in two variables. To be able to define the concepts of Slope Intercept Form related to any real world application.
2

(2.1) Characteristics of Linear Equation

(a) Linear Equation in 2 variables (General Form) [page # 36] A linear equation involving two variables x and y has the standard form:
Where a, b, & c are constants and a & b both are cannot be equals to zero at the same time. Note that above linear equation is 1st degree linear equation.
3

Q#24: [page 40] (Solution will be discuss in class)

Example 1 [page 36]: Given the eqn.:
(a) Determine the pair of values which satisfies the eqn. when x = -2? (b) Determine the pair of values which satisfies the eqn. when y = 0?

Example 2 [page 36]: A company manufactures two different products. 120 hours of labor available for manufacturing of above products. Work hours can be allocated for production of either product. Management is interested using for production of both products. Each unit of produced of product A requires 3 labor hrs. and product B requires 2.5 labor hrs. (a) Define an eqn. which states that total work hrs. used for producing x units of product A and y units of product B? (b) How many units of product A can be produce if 30 units of product B is produced?
5

(2.1) Characteristics of Linear Equation

(b) Linear Equation in n variables (General Form) [page # 38] A linear equation involving n variables has the standard form:

Where

Example 4 [page 39]: Do yourself

6

Q#25: [page 41]: A dietitian is considering 3 food types to be served at a meal. She is particularly concerned with the amount of 1 vitamin in the meal. 1 ounce of food 1 provides 8 mg of that vitamin; 1 ounce of food 2 provides 24 mg of that vitamin and 1 ounce of food 3 provides 16 mg of that vitamin. The minimum daily requirement (MDR) that vitamin is 120 mg. (a) If equals the no. of ounces of food type j served at a meal, determine the eqn. which ensures that meal satisfies the MDR exactly?
7

2.2 Graphical Characteristics [page 42] (a) Graphing two variable equations A linear equation involving 2 variables graphs as a straight line as shown in example 5 [page 42] given below: Example 5: Graph the ?

y 10

y intercept = (0, 4)

-10

-5

(0, 0) -5 -10

5 x intercept = (8, 0)

10

Q#21 [Section 2.2, page# 51]: do yourself now (b) The equation x = k (parallel equation of y axis) This type of equation term as a parallel eqn of y axis and may be obtained by putting b = 0 in equation (2.1). Therefore we get,

10

Example (2.2) Graph the eqn: (b) The equation y = k (parallel equation of e x axis) This type of equation term as a parallel eqn of x axis and may be obtained by putting a = 0 in equation (2.1). Therefore we get,

11

(2.3) Determing the equation of straight line

(a) Slope Intercept Form) [page # 52] We already discussed linear equation in 2 variables as:

Solving eqn (2.1) for variable y , we get [Suppose k = c/b & m = -a/b]
[m and k
12

Eqn (2.2) represent Slope Intercept Form of straight line or linear equation in two variables , which is widely used in many business applications as discussed later.
In above eqn (2.2) generally y denotes the dependent variable and x denotes the independent variable.

Section (2.3) [page# 54] Rewrite the given eqn in slope intercept form and determine the slope and y intercept:
13

Q#9:

Q#29: The book value of a machine is expressed by the equation:

where, V equals the book value in $ and t equals the age of the machine expressed in yrs. (a) Identify the t & V intercepts? (b) Interpret the meaning of the intercepts? (c) Identify & Interpret the meaning of slope? (d) Sketch or graph the function or eqn?
14

Q#28: A police department believes that the number of serious crimes which occur each month can be estimated by the eqn given below:
Where, c equals the number of serious crimes expected per month and p equals the number of officers assigned to preventive patrol. If c graphed on the vertical axis: (a) Identify the slope and interpret its meaning? (b) Identify the c intercept and interpret its meaning? (c) Identify the p intercept and interpret its meaning?
15

Q#30 [page 56]: One small college has observed a downward trend in the average SAT score of applicants to the college. Analysis has resulted in the eqn:

Where , s equals the average SAT scores for a given yr and t equals the time measured in yrs since 1985 (t = 0). (a) Identify the t & s intercept s? (b) Interpret the meaning of the intercepts? (c) Interpret the meaning of slope? (d) Sketch the eqn?
16

(2.3) Determing the equation of a straight line

(ii) Slope and One Point Form [page # 57]

Consider a straight line passing through a point and having a slope m, If be any arbitrary point lie on the above point, then we define slope as:

The above eqn. term as Slope and one point form of linear eqn.
17

Example (2.3): Find the equation of a line passing through the point (2, 6) and having a slope -2?
(2.3) Determing the equation of a straight line (iii) Two Points Form [page # 59] Consider a straight line passing through two points and , then its already discussed that slope of line will be:

18

We put value of slope or m in eqn (2.3), we get:

The above eqn. is term as two points form straight line eqn. Example (2.4): At the time of joining a firm, a logistic manager salary is Rs. 6,00,000 annually. If after 5 years, he is getting a salary of Rs. 48,00,000 annually.
19

(a) Identify & Interpret the meaning of slope? (b) What will be linear equation, which describes the whole scenario? (c) Sketch the function?

20

(i) Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel, if they have the same slope or vice versa.

Examle (2.5): Check whether that the following straight lines eqns & are parallel or not?
(ii) Perpendicular Lines Two lines are perpendicular, if they have the slopes such that . Where denotes slope of 1st line

21

and

slope of 2nd line.

Examle (2.6): Check whether that the following straight lines eqns. & are perpendicular or not?

22