Host Pathogen Interaction

Dr Zakuan Zainy Deris & Assoc. Prof. M. Ravichandran Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Email: zakuan@kb.usm.my
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 1

Living organism
Diversity of different living organism Different method of obtaining nutrients Different habitats Relationship between different species

Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran

Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 2

Relationship between organisms

Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism close association of two different organisms beneficial to both organisms beneficial for one of the organisms, but the other is neither benefited nor harmed one organism (the parasite) living at the expense of the other (the host) parasites that injure their host
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Parasitism Pathogen

Host Pathogen Interaction 3

Relationship between organisms

Parasite: An organism uses another organism (as host) both as a habitat and as a food. Host: An organism where the parasite causes damage and obtain their nourishment

Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran

Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 4

Types of Parasites
Obligate parasite: Parasite which can not survive in any other manner outside the host. eg. Malarial Parasite Facultative Parasite: Parasite may exists in a free living state for some time: eg. Acanthamoeba Ectoparasite: Parasite on the outer surface of the host eg. Mites, Ticks Endoparasite: Parasite located within the host eg. Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 5

Types of host
Intermediate host - developmental or asexual stages of parasite found e.g. Human in Malaria, tsetse fly in trypanosomes. Definitive host Sexual reproduction occurs: e.g. Mosquito in Malaria, Human in trypanosomes Transfer/Paratenic host- Simply carries the parasite, no development in/on the host: e.g. House fly, Cockroaches
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 6

 Dead-end host - intermediate host that does generally not allow transmission to the definite host. E.g.: humans are dead-end hosts for Echinococcus canine tapeworms. Zoonotic infection: If infection is transmitted from reservoir host to human. e.g.- Trichinella spiralis Reservoir host: Parasite complete its life cycle in animal host, where the host tolerates the infection. Amplifier host - host in which pathogens multiply rapidly to high levels. E.g. Domestic pig in Japanese encephalitis viral infection.
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 7

Host factors
Host specificity: Parasite infects only limited number of host species Genetic make up of the host Resistance to Malaria Sickle cell anaemia Resistance to Plasmodium vivax in the absence of Duffy blood group Immune competence of the host Nonpathogenic commensal Pathogen in immunocompromised host Parasites in the immunocompromised host Toxoplasma, Cryptosporodium, Cyclospora, Strongyloides, Trichinella
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 8

Host parasite interaction

HOST

- PARASITE Immunity or Disease or Evasion

Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran

Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 9

Parasite properties
Should be able to survive in the host With stand the host immune response Should be able to produce egg/larvae/cyst Should be able to successfully transmitted

to an another host
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 10

Pathogen-host interaction
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Entry into the host Primary replication Spread Cell and tissue tropism Secondary replication Cell injury or persistence Host immune response
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 11

Viral receptor
Virus
HIV

Receptor
CD4

Cell type
Th cell B cells

Epstein-Barr virus CR2

Influenza A
Gastroenritis virus Polio

Glycophorin A Many cell type

Aminopeptida enterocytes se N CD13 Poliovirus neurons receptor
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 12

Parasite properties
Specialized attachment

organs: Suckers, hooks

Loss of certain metabolic enzymes

Scolex of Taenia solium which has 4 suckers in addition to a double row of hooks.

Secretion of Proteolytic
enzymes Intracellular localization

Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran

Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 13

Habitat of the parasite

Blood: Filaria, Leishmania RBC: Malaria Lymphocyte: HIV, EBV Tissue: Trypanosoma, Filaria, Toxoplasma,Trichinella spiralis Intestine: Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Ancyclostoma deudenale, Trichuris trichiura, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 14

Transmission of parasites
Cyst: Contaminated food and water
eg: E histolytica

Ova: Contaminated food and water eg: Heliminths

eg, Ascaris

Sporozoites: Blood Through Mosquito Vector

eg: Malaria

Microfilaria : Blood Through Mosquito Vector

eg: Filariasis
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 15

Effect of Parasite on the host

Erodes the intestinal wall. eg. Entamoeba histolytica Destroys RBC: eg. Malarial parasite Perforates intestinal wall: eg. Ascaris (Round worm) Causes fat mal absorption: eg. Giardia Sucks blood and causes iron deficiency. eg: Hook worm (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus) Selectively removes Vitamin B12. eg. Fish tape worm (Diphyllobothrium latum)
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 16

Viral Immune invasion

Antigenic variation e.g. Influenza Persistence intracellular infection e.g. HSV, CMV Produce inteferon inhibitor e.g.: EBV Virus encoded homologues e.g. HSV-1 encoded gC that similar to complement. This will interfere the action of complement.
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 17

Bacterial Immune invasion

Toxin that inhibit chemotaxis Capsule or outer coat e.g. Pneumococcus Enzyme that inhibit lysosome fuction e.g TB Produce cathalase that breakdown hydrogen peroxide Multiply in the cytoplasma e.g. M. leprae
Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 18

Immune evasion of Parasites

INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION

Location Parasitophorous vacuole

Inside RBC Inside cytoplasm

Example Leishmania
Plasmodium Toxoplasma

Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran

Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Host Pathogen Interaction 19

Immune evasion of Parasites

Coating with host antigen
Type of protein Adsorb host MHC Human serum albumin Example Schistosoma Filarial worm Schistosoma

Antibody

Filarial worm Schistosoma

Host Pathogen Interaction 20

Dr Zakuan Z. Deris & AP M. Ravichandran

Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia