Class: Xth C Roll no.

: 1

Human Reproduction

Battle of the sexes!!!

Are males and females all that different? Well..
Yes And No!

Anatomy

Male

Female

Similarities
2 pouches
Testicles Ovaries

Start out inside body

Testicles descend before birth

Fetus begins with starter parts that could develop into either gender.

Around 7th Week

Babys body is told by DNA to become either male or female. Unused parts disintegrate Used parts continue development

Male or Female???
DNA determines babys gender XX = Female XY = Male Depends on which egg & sperm get together. Father determines babys gender.

Anatomy similarities Function VERY different!

Male
Uncomplicated Produce sperm 2-4 MILLION every day

Female
Very Complicated! One egg Once a month Careful coordination of hormones & body Timing perfect!

Females
Ovaries
2 pouches
Contain ova
Born with all of her eggs (~ 400,000) Use up ~500 Wont run out!

Ovulation
One egg released from ovary to oviduct (fallopian tube)

After Ovulation
Egg pushed along by cilia Few days travel time to arrive in uterus Cervix Opening between uterus & vagina
Normally tiny At birth muscles pull open (dilation) cervix to allow baby to pass through = Labor

Menstrual Cycle
Complex combination of 10-12 chemicals (hormones) Usually one egg once a month All about timing!!!
Uterus must be ready when egg gets there in case it was fertilized If no fertilization, tear down lining of uterus and rebuild for next month

28-Day Cycle (average)

Three Stages
Tear Down 2. Rebuild 3. Extra nutrients/blood for potential baby
1.

No Sperm met?
Back to #1

Chemicals (hormones)
Regulate events in the body
Estrogen Progesterone LH (leuteinizing hormone) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) Many others

Day 1
First menstrual blood & tissue No baby = breaks down lining of uterus 5-7 days of blood/tissue exits body

Pre-Ovulation

~Day 14
Ovulation = Egg released Temp spikes slightly Most fertile in next few days!
Able to get pregnant

Egg gets fertilized while traveling through oviduct.

Post-Ovulation

If fertilized
Zygote begins to divide as it travels through oviduct Implants into lining of uterus

If not fertilized
Egg travels through oviduct to uterus Exits body with blood and tissues during menstruation

Birth Control Pills

Trick body into thinking its pregnant
Extra hormones No ovulation occurs No ovulation = no egg = no fertilization = no baby! No hormones taken for 7 days = menstruation

Male
Testes
Produce 2-4 million sperm every day Outside body why?
Sperm like temps 1-2 cooler than body temp

Vas Deferens
Tube sperm travel through

Vasectomy
Cut/tie off tube sperm cant get out!

Semen
Contains
300-500 million sperm Sperm food pH buffers

Allows sperm to survive for a couple of days inside females body (hostile environment)

What is sperm?
Then
Used to think it was a tiny human inside each cell Spermists vs. Ovists

Now
Contains Several Parts:
Head
Chemical to dissolve egg goo Dads genetic information (DNA)

Mitochondria
Energy

Tail
Swimming

Prostate Gland
Adds non-sperm stuff to semen
pH buffers Nourishment

Cancer very common

Slower-growing (usually) Surgery for removal

Bulbourethral gland
Adds lubricant to aid travel of semen through the urethra

Conception/Fertilization

Conception/Fertilization
Ejaculation
Release of 300-500 million sperm

Egg needs to be in oviduct Sperm to egg, not an easy task

Go wrong direction : 2 paths only 1 leads to an egg Get attacked by females white blood cells Acidic environment Current

Once egg is located

Dissolve protective goo surrounding egg One gets through enters egg Instant biochemical change in zygote
No more sperm allowed in

Zygote begins development

Time Lapse Development

Implants in uterine lining

Endometrium= outer lining of uterus
Becomes placenta

Uses mothers nutrients Continues development

Fetal Development
Anmion
Membrane surrounding baby Contains amniotic fluid Breaks just before birth = water broke

Amniotic Fluid
The water surrounding baby Buoyant cradle for baby
Protection Free movement

Fetal Dev (contd)

Umbilical Cord
Blood vessels from placenta to baby Moms & babys blood do not circulate together!
Can have 2 different blood types Diffusion

Ancient beliefs
Wak Wak tree

Birth
Labor muscles used to open cervix Baby flips upside down
Head first! Feet first = Breech (bad)
Cesarian Section (C-section) surgical removal of baby

After baby is born mom delivers placenta (afterbirth) that detaches from uterus

Breastfeeding
Most nutritious option for baby
Milk changes as baby grows

Antibodies from mom create immunity for baby Studies have shown correlation between breastfeeding and higher intelligence in baby. Bond w/baby is stronger

Twins/Multiple Births
Two types
Monozygotic
From one egg Identical

Dizygotic
From two eggs Fraternal Not identical

Identical twins
One zygote Splits in 2 No one knows why! Completely random = does NOT run in families Same exact DNA Natures clones

Fraternal Twins
2 separate eggs get fertilized with 2 different sperm cells More than one egg got released during ovulation Siblings
Can be sisters Brothers Brother and sister

Tends to run in families

Conjoined Twins
Used to be called Siamese twins First well known case was in Siam Identical twins that never completely separated during development Sometimes can be separated, depending on what is shared.

THANK YOU!!!!!