Programming embedded systems Seminar 1

INTRODUCTION
Dr. Tran Thanh Hung Department of Automation Technology, College of Engineering, Can Tho University Email: tthung@ctu.edu.vn

Outline
Seminar objectives

Embedded system: What is it?

Course overview Why C? Why 8051? Hardware & Software required Simple software architecture Example: Central heating system Software delay

Seminar objectives
At the end of this seminar, by referring the lecture notes, students will be able to: know the course objectives identify the requirements for an embedded system explain why 8051 and C are chosen for embedded system development explain the relationship between C, assembly, and machine languages know the basic features of AT89S52 write a simple software to run a task

What is an embedded system?

An embedded system is a computer system designed for one or few application. Which components does an embedded system consist of?

Core of embedded system

MCU = MicroController Unit

Applications of embedded system Mobile phone systems Automotive applications Domestic appliances

Aerospace applications
Medical equipment

Defence systems

Course overview
This course will introduce the principles of programming embedded system. By the end of this course, you will be able to: Know how to build an embedded system Design embedded software for a simple application Implement and test designed software Understand issues of reliability and safety

Textbooks
1. Embedded C by Michael J. Pont 2. AT89S52 datasheet

How computers were built?

Which programming language should you use?

Remember: CPU/MCU can only understand programs in machine language All programs need to be translated to machine code Need a good translator software: translate correctly what you write Power and memory of MCU are limited: language must be efficient For programming embedded system, you need lowlevel access to hardware

Why C?
A mid-level: - support functions - access hardware Independent to device High efficient Popular Easy to understand Good compilers

Can we build CPU/MCUs that can understand high-level language?

Can we build CPU/MCUs that can understand high-level language?

Thats means:

Why 8051?
How to chose MCU for an embedded system? Some famous MCUs:
+ Z80 (8bit) designed by Zilog from1976: needs too many clock periods to run an instruction + 8051 (8bit) series (or MSC-51) developed by Intel from1980: one of the first single chip microcontrollers, needs 12 clock periods to run an instruction + AVR (8bit-RISC) developed by Atmel in 1996, integrates ADC and many other components, most instructions run in 1 clock period

Why 8051?
In this course, 8051 family is chosen, because: - Price: very cheap - Available: very famous, easy to find - Performance: suitable for many embedded systems - Wide range: many MCUs to chose
See http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/datasheets.asp?family_id=604

Hardware & Software required

Hardware required: - Experimental kit with AT89S52
(Mua Trung tm in-in t, khoa Cng ngh)

Software required: - Keil C version 3: programming environment and assembler compiler

AT89S52
Low-voltage, high-performance microcontroller:
32 programmable I/O lines (in 4 ports) 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory (10,000 Write/Erase Cycles ) 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

Up to 64K Bytes optional external memory

AT89S52
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Watchdog Timer

Simple software architecture

What is the minimum software environment you need to run a task X()?
void main (void) { X_Init() ; //Prepare for Task X() while(1) //super loop { X(); //Perform task X() } }

Simple software architecture

What are strengths of super loops ?
- Very simple, easy to build, debug, test, and maintain - High efficient: use minimum hardware - Highly portable

BUT: What are the weakness ?

- Not suitable for applications required accurate timing - Full power consumption

Example1.1: Central heating system

void main(void) { C_HEAT_Init(); // Init the system while(1) // 'for ever' (Super Loop) { // Find out what temperature the user requires C_HEAT_Get_Required_Temperature(); // Find out what the current room temperature is C_HEAT_Get_Actual_Temperature(); // Adjust the gas burner, as required C_HEAT_Control_Boiler(); } }

Example 1.2: Reading and writing ports

How to write a software to access to port pins?
#include <Reg52.H> void main (void) { unsigned char Port1_value; P1 = 0xFF; // set Port1 as input while(1) { Port1_value = P1; // Read the value of P1 P2 = Port1_value; // Copy the value to P2 } }

Software delay
How to create a delay without using any hardware resource ?
void loop_delay(void) { unsigned int x; for (x = 0; x <65535; x++); } void longer_loop_delay(void) { unsigned int x, y; for (x = 0; x <65535; x++) { for (y = 0; y <65535; y++); } }

Software delay
What are strengths of software delay ?
- Can be used to create very sort delays - Require no hardware - Will work on any microcontroller

BUT: What are the weakness ?

- Very difficult to create precisely time delays - Need to be re-tuned if you change microcontroller, or clock frequency, or compiler optimization settings

Conclusion
Seminar objectives

Embedded system: What is it?

Course overview Why C? Why 8051? Hardware & Software required Simple software architecture Examples: Central heating system; access input,output Software delay

Exercise 1.1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Run Keil C Create a new project Type the program in example 2 Build the project Start debugging Click Run Chose PeripheralI/O-PortsPort1, Port2 Change Port1 pins, observe Port2 Toggle disassembler window, find out the relationship between instructions in C, assembly and machine languages

Test 1.1
1. List of components needed to build a core of an embedded system. 2. Why 8051 and C are chosen for embedded system development?

3. What is relationship between C, assembly, and machine languages?

4. Use Keil C, find the program in assembly and machine code corresponding to a loop delay for (unsigned int x = 0; x <65535; x++); 5. Why do we use a super loop to run a task?