Anda di halaman 1dari 19

OFDM

What is OFDM?
Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing Method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies Conceptually OFDM is a specialized FDM, the additional constraint being - all the carrier signal are orthogonal to each other
4/10/2014

Basic Concept of OFDM


Wide Band Channel Multiple Narrowband Channel

4/10/2014

Send a sample using the entire band

Send samples concurrently using multiple orthogonal sub-channels.

Why OFDM is better?

Multiple sub-channels carry samples and sent at lower rate Only sum of the sub-channels are affected by interferers or multipath effect
4/10/2014

Importance of Orthogonality
Why not just use FDM???
Leads to interference of adjacent frequencies.

Guard band protect leakage interference.

FDM needs guard bands between adjacent frequency bands extra overhead, wastage of bandwidth,low spectral efficiency

4/10/2014

Orthogonal means peak of one carrier occurs at null of the other

4/10/2014

OFDM Orthogonality
OFDM subcarries pulses are rectangular in the time domain. They will have the form of sin(f)/f or sinc(f) in the frequency domain. If we line up the sinc function just right -the zero point of other sub-carriers line up at the peak of another subcarrier. This will make them to be orthogonal and there will no interference between each other.
4/10/2014

OFDM
High speed data transmission Effectiveness in combating the

frequency selective fading channel


OFDM can be viewed as a

widely used in broadband wireless communication

modulation or multiplex technique


Modulation technique - Viewed by the relation of input and output signal Multiplexing technique - Viewed by the output signal which is the linear sum of the modulated signal
OFDM System
Input Signal
S/P

Output Signal

4/10/2014

Advantage and Disadvantage of OFDM


Advantage
Immunity to delay spread

Disadvantage
Synchronization Need FFT/IFFT units at

and multipath
Resistance to frequency

transmitter, receiver frequency offset ratio

selective fading
Simple equalization Efficient bandwidth usage

Sensitive to carrier

High peak to average power

4/10/2014

OFDM - Intersymbol Interference (ISI)


ISI caused when - delayed

and attenuated versions of the signal (e.g produced due to multipath) overlap with the signal One symbol's delayed version may overlap with an adjacent symbol causing inter-symbol interference Simpe technique to avoid introduce a guard-band between adjacent symbols
4/10/2014

OFDM - Cyclic Prefix


A better aproach to

avoid ISI - introduce a cyclic prefix A trailing portion of the symbol is copied in front of it This will give an illusion that the signal is periodic
4/10/2014

OFDM Cyclic Prefix


Overhead - In either cases there is lost of some efficiency. However if each symbol is sufficiently large, the relative size of the interfering region is (hence the cyclic region) is small.
Advantages - CP allows the signal to be decoded even if the packet was detected after some delay.
4/10/2014

OFDM - History

4/10/2014

OFDM Application
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) / Digital

Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) Wireless ATM Network Demonstrator (WAND) IEEE 802.11a/HiperLAN2/MMAC WLAN Standards
4/10/2014

MIMO-OFDM key to greater performance


Building block for next next generation wireless access Advanced antenna technology that can carry 4 to 5 times more data traffic than UMTS-HSDPA (3G) networks. MIMO works by creating multiple parallel data streams between the multiple transmit and receive antenna. Using the multipath phenomenon, it can differentitate the seperate signal paths from each MIMO antenna. OFDM is the most amenable to MIMO technology

4/10/2014

Advantage of MIMO-OFDM
Less interference
Diversity gain

Increase data capacity


Power efficiency Bandwidth gain

4/10/2014

OFDM to OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple


Access)

OFDM - all subcarriers of the symbol are used for providing data to a specific user.

OFDMA - sub carriers of each symbol may be divided between multiple users thus enabling better use of of the radio access.

4/10/2014

OFDM in LTE
To achieve high radio spectral efficiency as well as enable efficient scheduling in both time and frequency domain, a multicarrier approach for multiple access was chosen by 3GPP.

For downlink - OFDMA were selected

For uplink - SCFDMA were selected

4/10/2014

OFDMA IN LTE
SC-FDMA were selected for the uplink because:

- OFDMA lead to high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) - requiring expensive power amplifier - increases power consumption for sender -Thus this will lead to a very expensive handset provide throughput up to 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink in 20MHz LTE Advanced - increases these goals to: 1Gpbs/500Mbps

4/10/2014

Anda mungkin juga menyukai