Course3 SoilMechanics EngineringGeology

Geological Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Introduction to Soil Mechanics

2
Rock Cycles
Soils
(Das, 1998)
The final products
due to weathering are
soils
3
Bowens Reaction Series
The reaction series are similar to the weathering stability
series.

More stable
Higher weathering resistance
(Das, 1998)
4
Soils
Glacial soils: formed by transportation and deposition of glaciers.
Alluvial soils: transported by running water and deposited along
streams.
Lacustrine soils: formed by deposition in quiet lakes (e.g. soils in
Taipei basin).
Marine soils: formed by deposition in the seas
Aeolian soils: transported and deposited by the wind (e.g. soils in the
loess plateau, China).
Colluvial soils: formed by movement of soil from its original place by
gravity, such as during landslide
5
Three Phases in Soils
S : Solid Soil particle
W: Liquid Water (electrolytes)
A: Air Air
6
Three Volumetric Ratios
(1) Void ratio e (given in decimal, 0.65)

(2) Porosity n (given in percent 100%, 65%)

(3) Degree of Saturation S (given in percent 100%,
65%)
) V ( solids of Volume
) V ( voids of Volume
e
s
v
=
) V ( sample soil of volume Total
) V ( voids of Volume
n
t
v
=
% 100
) V ( voids of volume Total
) V ( water contains voids of volume Total
S
v
w
=
e 1
e
) e 1 ( V
e V
n
s
s
+
=
+
=
7
Completely dry soil S = 0 %
Completely saturated soil S = 100%
Unsaturated soil (partially saturated soil) 0% < S < 100%
Demonstration:
Effects of capillary forces

Engineering implications:
Slope stability
Underground excavation
% 100
) V ( voids of volume Total
) V ( water contains voids of volume Total
S
v
w
=
8
Engineering Applications
80 % of landslides are due to
erosion and loss in suction in
Hong Kong.
The slope stability is significantly
affected by the surface water.
(Au, 2001)
9
Density and Unit Weight
Mass is a measure of a
body's inertia, or its "quantity
of matter". Mass is not
changed at different places.

Weight is force, the force of
gravity acting on a body. The
value is different at various
places (Newton's second law
F = ma) (Giancoli, 1998)

The unit weight is frequently
used than the density is (e.g.
in calculating the overburden
pressure).
w
s
w
s
w
s
s
3
2
g
g
G
m
kN
8 . 9 , Water
sec
m
8 . 9 g
gravity to due on accelerati : g
Volume
g Mass
Volume
Weight
, weight Unit
Volume
Mass
, Density
=

=
=
=
= =
= =
=
10
Weight Relationships
Water Content w (100%)

For some organic soils w>100%, up
to 500 %
For quick clays, w>100%

Density of water (slightly
varied with temperatures)
Density of soil
a. Dry density

b. Total, Wet, or Moist density
(0%<S<100%, Unsaturated)

c. Saturated density (S=100%, V
a
=0)

d. Submerged density (Buoyant density)
% 100
) (
) (
=
s
w
M solids soil of Mass
M water of Mass
w
) M ( solids soil of Mass
t
s
d
=
) M M ( sample soil of Mass
t
w s
+
=
) M M ( water solids soil of Mass
t
w s
sat
+ +
=
w sat
'
=
3 3 3
w
m / Mg 1 m / kg 1000 cm / g 1 = = =
11
Weight Relationships (Cont.)
Submerged unit weight:

Consider the buoyant
force acting on the soil
solids:

Archimedes principle:
The buoyant force on a body
immersed in a fluid is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by
that object.

w sat
' =
w sat
t
w t w s
t
w w t s
t
w w t s
t
w s s
V
V W W
V
W V W
%) 100 S (
V
) V V ( W
V
V W
=
+
=
+
=
=

=

12
Engineering Applications (w)
For fine-grained soils, water
plays a critical role to their
engineering properties
(discussed in the next topic).
For example,
The quick clay usually has a
water content w greater than
100 % and a card house
structure. It will behave like a
viscous fluid after it is fully
disturbed.
Clay
particle
Water
(Mitchell, 1993)
13
Other Relationships
(1) Specific gravity

(2)

Proof:

w
s
w
s
s
G
=
s
s w
G w e S
w e S
=
=
s
w
w
w
s
s
s
w
w
s
s
w
s
s
w
s
v
v
w
s
V
V
V
M
V
M
M
M
M
M
G w
V
V
V
V
V
V
e S
G w e S
= =
=
= =
=
14
Typical Values of Specific Gravity
(Lambe and Whitman, 1979)
(Goodman, 1989)
15
Solution of Phase Problems
Remember the following simple rules (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981):

Remember the basic definitions of w, e,
s
, S,
etc.
Draw a phase diagram.
Assume either V
s
=1 or V
t
=1, if not given.
Often use
w
Se=w
s
, Se = wG
s

16
Problem:
1. Suatu sampel lempung jenuh mempunyai kadar air
56%, jika Gs = 2.72, hitunglah e dan n?
2. Suatu sampel pasir seragam mempunyai porositas
sebesar 43% dan kadar air 12%, anggap Gs = 2.65,
hitung angka pori dan tingkat kejenuhan!

17

SOIL TEXTURE Particle Sizes
18

19
20
Coarse-Grained Soil Texture
Typical values
Engineering
applications:

Volume change tendency
Strength

(Lambe and Whitman, 1979)
Simple cubic (SC), e = 0.91, Contract
Cubic-tetrahedral (CT), e = 0.65, Dilate
Link: the strength of
rock joint
) i tan( strength Shear
n
+ | o =
i
21
Engineering Implications (e)(Cont.)
Hydraulic conductivity
Which packing (SC
or CT) has higher
hydraulic
conductivity?

SC
e = 0.91
CT
e = 0.65
The fluid (water) can flow more easily through the
soil with higher hydraulic conductivity
22
Engineering Applications (e)(Cont.)
SC
e = 0.91
CT
e = 0.65
The finer particle cannot pass
through the void
Clogging
-Critical state soil mechanics
Filter
23
Soil Texture: Grain Shape

- Important for coarse granular soils
- Angular soil particle higher friction
- Round soil particle lower friction
Rounded
Subrounded
Subangular
Angular
(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
Coarse-
grained
soils
24
Coefficient of Friction, = 0.4
Weight, N = 4
T
Force, T = 1.6
T
T = N.
Friction
25
Friction
T = N.
T = N. tan (|)
| = angle of internal friction
EXTERNAL
INTERNAL
SOIL
26
Grain Shape and |
Rounded 30 - 35
o
Sub-rounded 32 - 37
o
Sub-angular 34-39
o
Angular 36-41
o
27
Mineral type and |

Quartz 30
o

Calcite 38
o

Kaolinite 15
o

Illite 10
o

Smectite 5
o

Sands
Clays
28
Cohesion
Some soils, and all rocks
display some interparticle
bonding, which gives them
strength even when the normal
stress is zero
we call this COHESION
29
Fine Grained Size: Atterberg Limits
The presence of water in fine-grained soils can significantly affect
associated engineering behavior, so we need a reference index to
clarify the effects.
30
Atterberg Limits (Cont.)
Liquid Limit, LL
Liquid State
Plastic Limit, PL
Plastic State
Shrinkage Limit, SL
Semisolid State
Solid State
Dry Soil
Fluid soil-water
mixture
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

w
a
t
e
r

c
o
n
t
e
n
t

31
Typical Values of Atterberg Limits
(Mitchell, 1993)
32
Indices
Plasticity index PI
For describing the range
of water content over
which a soil was plastic
PI = LL PL

Liquidity index LI
For scaling the natural
water content of a soil
sample to the Limits.

content water the is w
PL LL
PL w
PI
PL w
LI
=
LI <0 (A), brittle fracture if sheared
0<LI<1 (B), plastic solid if sheared
LI >1 (C), viscous liquid if sheared
Liquid Limit, LL
Liquid State
Plastic Limit, PL
Plastic State
Shrinkage Limit, SL
Semisolid State
Solid State
PI
A
B
C
33

The Atterberg limits are usually correlated with some
engineering properties such as the permeability,
compressibility, shear strength, and others.
In general, clays with high plasticity have lower permeability,
and they are difficult to be compacted.
The values of SL can be used as a criterion to assess and
prevent the excessive cracking of clay liners in the reservoir
embankment or canal.
Engineering Applications
The Atterberg limit enable
clay soils to be classified.
34
35
OTHER SOIL DESCRIPTORS
MOISTURE CONTENT
Dry - Absence of moisture
Moist - Damp, but no visible water
Wet - Visible water

CEMENTATION
Weakly - Crumbles or breaks easily
Moderately - Crumbles or breaks with
considerable finger pressure
Strongly - Will not crumble or break
with finger pressure

COLOR (Soil Color Chart)
ODOR
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS
COARSE-GRAINED SOIL
FINE-GRAINED SOIL
36

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