Organ transplant
by Alsafwa Medical Family
organ transplant (an operation moving an organ from one organism (the donor) to another (the recipient)) "he had a kidney transplant"; "the long-term results of cardiac transplantation are now excellent"; "a child had a multiple organ transplant two months ago"
Types of transplants
Autograft Allograft Isograft Xenograft and Xenotransplantion Split transplants Domino transplants
Autograft
A transplant of tissue from one to oneself. Sometimes this is done with surplus tissue, or tissue that can regenerate, or tissues more desperately needed elsewhere (examples include skin grafts, for CABG, etc.) Sometimes this is done to remove the tissue and then treat it or the person, before returning it (examples include stem-cell autograft and storing blood in advance of surgery).
Allograft
An allograft is a transplanted organ or tissue from a genetically non-identical member of the same species. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts.
Isograft
A subset of allografts in which organs or tissues are transplanted from a donor to a genetically identical recipient (such as an identical twin). Isografts are differentiated from other types of transplants because while they are anatomically identical to allografts, they are closer to autografts in terms of the recipient's immune response.
Split transplants
Sometimes, a deceased-donor organ (specifically the liver) may be divided between two recipients, especially an adult and a child.
Domino transplants
This operation is usually performed for cystic fibrosis as both lungs need to be replaced and it is a technically easier operation to replace the heart and lungs en bloc. As the recipient's native heart is usually healthy, this can then itself be transplanted into someone needing a heart transplant. That term is also used for a special form of liver transplant, in which the recipient suffers from familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy in which the liver (slowly) produces a protein that damages other organs; their liver can be transplanted into an older patient who is likely to die from other causes before a problem arises.
The Chinese physician Pien Chi'ao reportedly exchanged hearts between a man of strong spirit but weak will with one of a man of weak spirit but strong will in an attempt to achieve balance in each man.
Roman Catholic accounts report the third-century saints Damian and Cosmas as replacing the gangrenous leg of the Roman deacon Justinian with the leg of a recently deceased Ethiopian.
The first reasonable account is of the Indian surgeon Sushruta in the second century BC, who used autografted skin transplantation in nose reconstruction rhinoplasty.
Centuries later, the Italian surgeon performed successful skin autografts; he also failed consistently with allografts
the first successful human corneal transplant, a keratoplastic operation, was performed by Eduard Zirm in Austria in 1905.
Their skillful anastomosisoperations, the new suturing techniques, laid the groundwork for later transplant surgery and won Carrel the 1912 Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology
Archibald McIndoe
carried on the work into World War II as reconstructive surgery
The first attempted human deceased-donor transplant was performed by the Ukrainian surgeon in the 1930s
Yu Yu Voronoy
the late 1940s Peter Medawar, working for the National Institute for Medica Research, improved the understanding of rejection. Identifying the immune reactions in 1951 Medawar suggested that immunosuppressive drugs
On March 9th 1981 t the first successful heart-lung transplant took place at Stanford University Hospital. The head surgeon, Bruce Reitz, credited the patient's recovery to cyclosporine-A.
Paired-exchange
Good Samaritan
Compensated donation
Forced donation
Ethical concerns
Ethical concerns
The World Health Organization argues that transplantations promote health, but the notion of transplantation tourism has the potential to violate human rights or exploit the poor
There is also a powerful opposing view, that trade in organs, if properly and effectively regulated to ensure that the seller is fully informed of all the consequences of donation, is a mutually beneficial transaction between two consenting adults, and that prohibiting it would itself be a violation of Articles 3 and 29 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Dialogue
In Egypt !
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