Chapter 2

Sanitation and Safety

Chapter Objectives
1. Describe steps to prevent food poisoning and food-borne diseases in the following areas: personal hygiene; food handling and storage techniques; cleaning and sanitizing procedures; and pest control. 2. Identify safe workplace habits that prevent injuries from the following: cuts, burns, operation of machinery and equipment, and lifting. 3. Identify safe workplace habits that minimize the likelihood of fires and falls.
2

Food Safety and Sanitation

U.S. Public Health identifies more than 40 diseases that can be transmitted through food Sanitation refers to the creation and maintenance of conditions that prevent food contamination or food-borne illness. Contamination refers to the presence, generally unintended, of harmful organisms or substances.

Food Hazards

Any substance that can cause illness or injury is called a hazard. There are three types of food hazards:

Biological hazards Chemical hazards Physical hazards

Pathogens

Microbiology is the study of tiny, usually single-celled, organisms that can only be seen under a microscope. The four types that can contaminate food are:

Bacteria Viruses Parasites Fungi

Direct Contamination

Several microorganisms, primarily bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi can cause biologically based food-borne illness. Bacteria are single-celled, are the leading cause of food-borne illness. Beneficial bacteria called putrefactive are not a concern. The dangerous ones are called pathogenic.
6

Types of Bacteria
Bacteria are everywhere - in the ground, air, our food, on our skin, and inside our bodies. The classifications are:

Harmless bacteria Beneficial Bacteria Undesirable bacteria Disease-causing bacteria, or pathogens

Intoxications and Infections

Pathogenic bacteria can cause illness in humans in three ways: by intoxication, infection or toxinmediated infection

An example of intoxication is Botulism Salmonella is an example of infection Clostridium perfringens is an example of toxin-mediated infection

Bacterial Growth

Bacteria grow by a process called binary fission. A single bacterium can grow to a million in less than 6 hours - Yikes! Conditions for growth:

Food Moisture Temperature Acidity or alkalinity Oxygen Time

The Temperature Danger Zone

The danger zone is 41 F (60 C) to 135 (57 C). Bacteria grow rapidly if food (high protein) is held within these temperatures Simply keep hot food hot and cold food cold at all times Keep frozen foods frozen until use Thaw food properly
10

Water activity level: If a food has a water activity level of 0.85% or more it is considered potentially hazardous The PH scale is 0-14. Bacteria prosper in neutral environments that are not too acidic or basic.

11

Potentially Hazardous Foods

Two general categories:

Food from animals or foods containing animal products Any food derived from from plants which has been cooked, partiallycooked, or heat-treated.
Raw seed sprouts Sliced melons Garlic and oil mixtures
12

Three specific items:

Locomotion

As bacteria do not have feet, they have to move from place to place by other means:

Hands Coughs and sneezes Other foods Equipment and utensils Air Water Insects and rodents
13

Protection Against Bacteria

Keep bacteria from spreading. Stop bacteria from growing. Kill bacteria.

14

Food-Borne Diseases

Bacterial Diseases

Botulism Staphylococcus Food Poisoning (Staph) Escherichia coli (E coli) Salmonella Clostridium perfringens Streptococcal (Strep) Infections Shigellosis Listeriosis Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis Camphylobacteriosis Vibrio Gastroenteritis and Septicemia Yersiniosis

15

Food-Borne Diseases (contd)

Viral Diseases

Hepatitis A Norwalk Virus Gastroenteritis Rotovirus Gastroenteritis Trichinosis Anisakiasis Giardiasis Toxoplasmosis Cyclosporiasis Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis

Diseases Caused by Parasites

16

Other Biological Hazards

Fungi Plant Toxins Seafood Toxins Allergens

17

Chemical Contaminants

Chemical hazards include contamination with (1) residual chemicals, food service chemicals, and toxic metals Look out for:

Antimony Cadmium Cyanide Lead Copper Zinc

18

Cross-Contamination

Cross-contamination is the process by which one item, such as your finger or a cutting board, becomes contaminated and then contaminates food. Reducing cross-contamination

Personal cleanliness Dish and equipment cleanliness Pest management

19

Personal Hygiene

Reflects pride, professionalism, and consideration for your fellow workers

Do not work if you have any communicable diseases or infections Bathe or shower daily Wear clean uniforms Keep hair clean, and use hair restraints Keep facial hair trimmed Wash your hands often Cover coughs and sneezes, then wash hands Dont touch your body Keep fingernails clean and short. Dont wear nail polish Cover cuts and sores with clean bandages Do not sit on worktables Wear gloves
20

Food Storage

Four hour rule: if a food remains in the danger zone for more than four hours cumulatively, it is considered unsafe. Receiving Dry storage Freezer storage Refrigerator storage Hot food holding
21

Receiving
1.

2. 3.

4. 5.

Safe food handling begins the moment food is delivered. Inspect all products thoroughly. Reject deliveries that do not meet your standards. Label and date all foods. Store immediately.

22

Food Handling and Preparation

The two main sanitation problems in kitchens with handling and preparing foods are:

Cross-contamination The danger zone

It is extremely important to keep foods out of the danger zone as much as humanly possible.
23

Minimum Safe Internal Temperatures

1.

2.

3.

Fish, seafood, veal, lamb, cured or raw pork, raw shell eggs for immediate service: 145F (63C) Ground beef, ratites, injected meats, ground fish, raw shell eggs not for immediate service: 155F (68C) Poultry, wild game, stuffed fish, stuffed meat, poultry, or pasta: 165F (74C)

24

Cleaning and Sanitizing Equipment: Manual Dishwashing

The

process:

Scrape and rinse Wash Rinse Sanitize Drain and air dry

25

Mechanical Dishwashing

The process:

Scrape and rinse Rack dishes Run for full cycle Sanitize
Heat units 180 F (82 C) Chemical units 120 F (49 C)

Air Dry and inspect

26

Rodent and Insect Control

Rats, mice, flies, and cockroaches can spread disease to food and contact surfaces. The four basic ways to prevent them are:

Build them out Eliminate harborage and breeding places Eliminate their food supply Exterminate

27

The HACCP System

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points Is proving to be an effective and efficient system for maintaining sanitary conditions in all types of food service operations This system is widely accepted in the food service industry
28

The Steps of the HACCP System

Assess hazards Identify critical control points Set up standards or limits for critical control points Set up procedures for monitoring critical control points Establish corrective actions Set up a recordkeeping system Verify that the system is working
29

The Flow of Food

Receiving raw ingredients Storing raw ingredients Preparing ingredients Cooking Holding and serving Cooling and storing leftovers Reheating, holding, and storing leftovers
30

Hazards and Critical Control Points

Contamination Growth of pathogens Survival of pathogens

31

Safety

The safe workplace is one that monitors:

Preventing Preventing Preventing Preventing equipment Preventing Preventing lifting

cuts burns fires injuries from machines and falls strains and injuries from

32

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Clip art images may not be saved or downloaded and are only to be used for viewing purposes.

33