Chapter 4: The Structure of Matter

Section 4.1 Compounds and Molecules

What are compounds?

A substance made of atoms of more than one element.

When elements form compounds, they have different properties than the elements that formed it.

Chemical Bonds distinguish compounds from mixtures.

Chemical Bond
The attractive force that holds atoms or ions together.

Mixtures are made of different substances that are just placed together. Each substance keeps its own properties.

A compound always has the same chemical formula.

The chemical formula show the types and number of atoms or ions in the compound.

C12 H 22O11
This is table sugar. 12 Carbon atoms 22 Hydrogen atoms 11 Oxygen atoms

Compounds are always made up of the same elements in the same proportions.

Ex: Water molecules in your body and ice in comet have the same chemical formula.

Chemical structure shows the bonding within a compound.

The arrangement of bonded atoms or ions within a substance.

Chemical Structure

The structure of a compound can be compared to that of a rope.

Bond Length
The average distance between the nuclei of 2 bonded atoms.

Bond Angle
The angle formed by 2 bonds to the same atom.

Bond length and bond angle are used to determine the atoms positions relative to one another.

Structural Formulas can also show the structures of compounds.

O H
o 104.45

95.8 pm

Compounds with network structure are strong solids.

Ex: Quartz has a chemical formula of SiO2. Every silicon atom is bonded with 4 oxygen atoms.

The bonds that hold these atoms together are very strong. These strong bonds give it a high melting o point (1700 C) and o boiling point (2230 C).

Some networks are made of bonded ions.

Ex: Table salt. Most people just think it is sodium chloride.

Really it is made up of a (+) sodium ion and a (-) chloride ion.

+ Na Cl
The strong attractions by the oppositely charged particles (ions) creates a strong bond.

This strong bond leads to a high melting and boiling points.

Some compounds are made up of molecules.

Ex: Sugar, C12H22O11, molecules are attracted to each other to form compounds.

The bonds formed to create the compounds are weaker than the ones to create the sugar molecules.

The strength of attraction between molecules differs due to the chemical structure and state.

4.2 Ionic and Covalent Bonding

When atoms join together, a bond is formed.

Atoms bond when their valence electrons interact.

Atoms join to form bonds so that each atoms has a full outer most energy level.

Ex: 2 Hydrogen atoms Each atom has 1 valence electron.

The + nucleus of atom attracts the electron of the other atom.

As the pull closer together, their electron clouds cross each other.

What orbital is the element Hydrogen in? s - orbital

What is the maximum # of electrons that can be in the s orbital?

2 electrons

By filling the outer most level, the bond is formed.

All bonds can bend and stretch.

They behave like flexible springs.

Although bonds are not rigid, they still hold atoms together tightly.

Ionic Bonds
The bond formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions.

Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons.

Ex: Table Salt, + Na Cl

The Chloride ion is attracted to the + sodium ion.

Ionic compounds are in the form of networks, not molecules.

Ex: Calcium Fluoride, CaF2 Calcium is a 2+ ion while Fluorine is a 1+ ion.

Ionic compounds conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water.

When in solid form, the ions are locked in place. When dissolved in water or melted, the ions are free to move.

Metallic Bonds
A bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them.

Metals can be stretched and flattened into sheets and wire.

This close packing causes the outermost energy levels of atoms to overlap, allowing electrons to move.

Covalent Bonds
A bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Compounds made of molecules have covalent bonds.

Ex: Water or Sugar

Covalent compounds can be solids, liquids, or gases.

Most have melting o points below 300 C.

In compounds made of molecules, the molecules are free to move around when dissolved in water or melted.

Atoms joined by covalent bonds share electrons.

The shared atoms complete the valence shell.

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Bonds in which electrons are shared equally.

Atoms may share more than one pair of electrons.

They may form double or triple covalent bonds.

Atoms do not always share electrons equally.

An unequal sharing of electrons is called a polar covalent bonds.

Polyatomic Ion
An ion made of two or more atoms that are covalently bonded and that act like a single ion.

Found in many cleaning products: toothpaste, baking soda, soaps, and other cleaners.

Ex: HCO3 Na2CO3

- and

Oppositely charged polyatomic ions can be bond to form compounds.

Ex: NH4NO3
Contains (+) and (-) polyatomic ions.

Parenthesis are used to remind you that the polyatomic ion acts as a single ion.

Ex: (NH4)2 SO4 There are 2 ammonia ions,NH4.

The ending of the polyatomic anion names relate to their oxygen content.

ite or ate endings.

The anion with one more oxygen has the ate ending.

The anion with one less oxygen has the ite ending.

NH and NH NH

3 3

NH

NH and NH NH Nitrate

3 3

NH Nitrite
2

4.3 Compounds and Formula Names

Naming Ionic Compounds

Most of the time the cation name is the name of the element.

See handout for common cations and anions.

An anion made of 1 element has a name similar to the element.

Only the ending is different. Most have an ending of ide.

Ex: When ionic compounds are formed, NaF. It is called Sodium Fluoride.

For some cations, the charge must be shown.

Ex: FeO and Fe2O3

Both should be named Iron Oxide.

To distinguish between them, you need to have the charge of the cation in its name.

Roman Numeral shows charge

FeO is made of ions Sodium(II) Oxide.
2+ Fe

Fe2O3 is made of 3+ Fe ions Sodium(III) Oxide.

See handout for transition metal cations.

Determining the charge of a transition metal cation.

Total (+) charges must equal the total () charges. Add up to be zero.

Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds. 1. List the symbol for each ion.

2. Write the symbols for the ions with the cation first.

3. Find the least common multiple for the ions charges.

4. Write the chemical formula, indicating with subscripts how many of each ion are needed to make a neutral compound.

Ex: Cesium Nitride

1.
2.
1+ Cs 3N 1+ 3Cs N

3. LCM = 3, each ion must have a charge of +/- 3. (3 Cs, 1 N) 4. Cs3N

Ex: Nickel(II) Nitride

1.
2.
2+ Ni 3N 2+ 3Ni N

3. LCM = 6, each ion must have a charge of +/- 6 (3 Ni, 2 N) 4. Ni3 N2

Naming Covalent Compounds

Numerical Prefixes are used to name covalent compounds of 2 elements.

Whatever the element is, if there is only one, it does not get a prefix.
st 1

 Whatever the element is that is further to the right on the periodic table is named second and ends in ide.

Numerical Prefixes 1Mono6 Hexa2 Di7 Hepta3 Tri8 Octa4 Tetra- 9 Nona5 Penta- 10 Deca-

Ex: What is the name of SF6 Sulfur Heptaflouride

Ex: What is the name of C2H4

Dicarbon Tetrahydride

A compounds simplest formula is its empirical formula.

Empirical Formula
The simplest chemical formula of a compound that tells the smallest whole-number ratio of atoms in the compound.

Covalent compounds have empirical formulas too.

Ex: Empirical formula for water is H2O.

The ratio is 2:1, 2 hydrogen to 1 oxygen.

Calculating the Empirical Formula for an unknown compound.

Ex: An unknown compound has only Nitrogen and Sulfur. There is 42 g of N and 64.1 g of S. Calculate the Empirical Formula.

42 g of N

42 g of N 1 mol of N 14.01 g of N
3.00 mol of N

64 g of S

64 g of S 1 mol of S 32.14 g of S
2.00 mol of S

Since the Compound has 3 mol of Nitrogen and 2 mol of Sulfur.

The formula is N3S2

Different compounds can have the same empirical formula.

Ex: What is the empirical formula for C2H8, C3H12, and C4H16?

All 3 have the same empirical formula, CH4. They all have a 1 C to 4 H ratio.

Formaldehyde, Acetic Acid, & Glucose all have the same empirical formula.

CH2O
Formaldehyde(1) CH2O Acetic Acid(2) C2H4O2

Glucose (6) C6H12O6

Molecular Formulas
A chemical formula that reports the actual numbers of atoms of one molecule of a compound.

Formaldehyde, Acetic Acid, & Glucose all have the same empirical formula, but different molecular formulas.

Some compounds molecular formula is the same as its empirical formula.

Ex: Water, H2O, and Ammonia, NH3.

4.4 Organic and Biochemical Compounds

Organic Compounds
Any covalently bonded compound that contains carbon.

 Almost always contains Hydrogen. Ex: C9H8O4 This is acetylsalicy-clic acid, the active ingredient in aspirin.

Ex: Sugarless gum contains:

Sorbitol - C6H14O6 Aspartame C14H18N2O5

Carbon atoms form four covalent bonds in organic compounds.

Hydrocarbon
A compound made of only hydrogen and carbon.

Methane CH4 is the simplest hydrocarbon.

Carbon has 4 valence electrons to use for bonding.

 Carbon may share 2 or 3 electrons with 2 or 3 from another atom to form a double or triple bond. May never form more than 4 bonds.

Alkanes
Are hydrocarbons that only have single covalent bonds.

Exs: Methane - CH4 Ethane C2H6 Propane C3H8

Normal Alkane
When the carbon atoms line in a row. Also called n-alkane.

Alkanes with more than 3 carbon atoms have more than one possible arrangement.

Arrangements can be: Branched Unbranched Or form rings.

Alkane Chemical formulas

Follow a special pattern.

The # of Hydrogen atoms is always 2 more than twice the # carbons atoms plus 2.

CnH2n + 2

Alkenes
Are hydrocarbons with double carbon-carbon bonds.

Alkenes are named just like alkanes, the endings are from ane to ene.

Exs: Ethene C2H4

Simplest form

Propene C3H6

Alcohols have OH (Hydroxyl) groups. Ex: CH3OH Methanol

C3H8O or (CH3)2CHOH is isopropanol. -rubbing alcohol

Most alcohols have an ol ending.

Alcohol molecules behave similarly to water molecules.

They are liquids at room temperature and have high boiling points.

Polymer
A large organic molecule made of many bonded units.

Many polymers have repeating subunits. Ex: Polyethene plastic soft drink bottles.

Also called polythene or polyethylene.

Means many ethenes. (C2H4s)

The C2H4s are bonded in a repeating pattern. The original C2H4 molecule is called a monomer.

Polymers can be natural or man made.

Natural Polymers
Ex: Rubber, wood, cotton, protein, etc

Man-made Polymers
Ex: usually plastics or fibers.

The elasticity of a polymer is determined by its structure.

Some polymers stretch or are flexible, others are not elastic.

 Any organic compound that has an important role in living things.

Biochemical Compounds

Ex: DNA, Proteins, Carbohydrates, etc

Carbohydrates
Any organic compound that is made of Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things.

Ex: glucose or starch.

Proteins are polymers of Amino Acids.

A biological polymer made of bonded amino acids.

Proteins

Amino Acids
Any one of 20 different naturally occurring organic molecules that combine to form proteins.

 Amino Acids are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. Some contain Sulfur.

DNA is a polymer with a complex structure.

Determines your entire genetic makeup.

 Made up of organic molecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus.

DNA is a form of paired chains or strands.

It has the shape of a twisted ladder, known as a double helix.

The strands are alternating sugar molecules and phosphate units.

Attached to each sugar molecule is one of 4 DNA monomers.

Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine

These DNA monomers pair/connect with DNA monomers on the other strand.

Every cell in your body has a copy of your genetic material. (DNA)