SUBSTOPICS
3.1 - Movement of Substances Across the Plasma Membrane 3.2 Understanding the Movement of Substances Across the Plasma Membrane in Everyday Life 3.3 Appreciating the Movement of Substances Across the Plasma Membrane
LEARNING OUTCOMES
To state the substances required by living cells To state the substances that have to be eliminated from cells To explain the necessity for movement of substances across the plasma membrane To describe the structure of the plasma membrane To describe the permeability of the plasma membrane
To secrete useful substances, for example, digestive enzymes & hormones; To eliminate toxic waste products such as urea & carbon dioxide
Active transport
Selectivity of the partially permeable membrane; The difference in concentration between the cell & extracellular fluid
The plasma membrane is dynamic & fluid. The phospholipid molecules can move thus giving the membrane its fluidity & flexibility
The proteins are scattered in the membrane giving it a mosaic appearance Thickness : 7.0 8.0 nm.
The non-polar hydrophobic hydrocarbon fatty acid tails face inwards, away from water.
Examples : egg membrane, plasma membrane of living cells & cellaphone membrane of the Visking tubing.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
To explain the movement of substances across the plasma membrane through the process of passive transport To explain the movement of water molecules across the plasma membrane by osmosis, To explain the movement of substances across the plasma membrane through the process of active transport, To explain the process of passive transport in living organisms using examples
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
The movement of particles (molecules/ions) within a gas or liquid across the plasma membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration & does not require expenditure of energy from ATP. The substances move down their concentration gradient through different ways :
Phospholipid bilayer Pore protein/ channel protein Carrier protein
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
The net movement of molecules / ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until an equilibrium is reached. Substances :
Small non-polar molecules O2 & CO2 Lipid-soluble substances vitamins ADEK, steroids & alcohols Water molecules
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
The bigger the concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion. These substances will diffuse down the concentration gradient if there is a concentration gradient. (until an equilibrium is reached). Examples : gaseous exchange between the alveolus & the blood capillaries, blood capillaries & body cells.
osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules (solvent) from a region of higher water concentration (diluted solution) to a region of lower water concentration (concentrated solution) through a semi-permeable membrane until an equilibrium is reached.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
The movement of molecules / ions down their concentration gradient assisted by transport proteins (channel protein / pore protein) across the plasma membrane without using energy.
The transport proteins facilitate & increase the rate of diffusion across the plasma membrane.
Not require energy
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
The rate of facilitated diffusion depends on the number of transport protein molecules in the membrane & how fast they can move their specific solute.
Only allows small charged molecules such as mineral ions to pass through the pore protein. Carrier protein : allows larger uncharged polar molecules glucose & amino acids to cross the membrane.
THE MECHANISM
1. The solute moves to the binding site of the specific carrier protein. 2. The solute binds to the carrier protein at the binding site & triggers the carrier protein to change its shape. 3. The carrier protein changes its shape & moves the solute across the membrane. 4. The carrier protein returns back to its original shape.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
The solutes can be transported by carrier proteins in either direction but the net movement is always down the concentration gradient. Examples : the transportation of glucose, amino acids & mineral ions across the membrane of the vilus at the ileum & body cells.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
The movement of substances across the plasma membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration (against the concentration gradient) by using metabolic energy. The substances move across a membrane against the concentration gradient, using metabolic energy
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Require energy to change the shape of the protein such that the substance can be pumped across the membrane. Example : absorption of potassium ions from pond water by algae Nitella sp. against a concentration gradient, the intake of mineral ions by the plant root hairs, Na+/ K+ protein pumps in the plasma membrane of neurones transport Na+ & K+ against their concentration gradients.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Transport of substances across the plasma membrane Need a difference of concentration gradient between extracellular environment & the cell
DIFFERENCES Follow Does not expend energy Until an equilibrium is reached Non-living & living organisms Simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion Molecules of water (osmosis)
Concentration gradient Cellular energy Outcome of the process Occurs in Name of process Type of molecules
Against Need to expend energy Depends on the cells requirement (no need to reach an equilibrium) Living organisms only Active transport Molecules of glucose and mineral salt