Tutorial & Seminar On Power System Protection & Automation

(KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT)
Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
Tutorial on Power System Protection & Automation
Contribution By Mr. Rajkumar Rastogi (HOG-Protection & Testing) Mr. Lalit Kumar (AM Protection & testing )
Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE
Name of attended Program (Agency) Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
the
program Tutorial/Seminar on Power System Protection & Automation by Central Board of Irrigation & Power From:-25 To 28 February 2014 1.Jay Gosalia ( Doble Engineering ) 2.Dr. Richard Marenbach (OMICRON) 3.BEIJING SIFANG AUTOMATION CO> LTD 1. Distance Protection 2. IEC61850 3. Ethernet Communications 4. GOOSE & Process Bus 5. Engineering & Testing
conducted
Duration of the program Faculty/Eminent Speakers
Program Themes
Key Takeaways - Quick Information

Overview of Protection and testing , PMUs, IEC-61850 Fundamental , Application & benefits in substation automation and protection
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
Distance protection basics Introduction of PMUs Overview of the IEC-61850 Object model and Ethernet communication Goosing concept and usage Station bus and process bus Engineering and Testing
Application of learning in participants area of responsibility:
APTRANSCO
Transmission Line Protection Distance Relays: Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
Introduction: The impedance relays also called distance relays are employed to provide protection to transmission lines connected in a network as they are economic and possess several technical advantages. They are comparatively simple to apply, operate with extremely high speed, and both primary and backup protection features are inherent in them. They can be easily modified to work as unit schemes by coordinating them with power line carrier facilities and are suitable for high speed reclosing
4/29/2014 5
APTRANSCO
The impedance relay is made to respond to the impedance between the relay location and the point where fault is incident. The impedance is proportional to the distance to the fault, (hence the name 'distance relay') and is therefore independent of the fault current levels.
4/29/2014 6
APTRANSCO
Distance Relaying Principle:

A distance relay compares the currents and voltages at the relaying point with Current providing the operating torque and the voltage provides the restraining torque. In other words an impedance relay is a voltage restrained overcurrent relay. The equation at the balance point in a simple impedance relay is K1V2 = K2I2 or V/I = K3 where K1, K2 and K3 are constants. In other words, the relay is on the verge of operation at a constant value of V/I ratio, which may be expressed as an impedance.
4/29/2014 7
APTRANSCO
Since the operating characteristics of the relay depend upon the ratio of voltage and current and the phase angle between them, their characteristics can be best represented on an R-X diagram where both V/I ratio and the phase angle can be plotted in terms of an impedance R+jX.
The power system impedance like fault impedance, power swings, loads etc. can also be plotted on the same R-X diagram. Therefore response of a particular relay during power swing, faults and other system disturbances can easily be assessed.
4/29/2014 8
APTRANSCO
Types of Distance Relays: Impedance relay. Reactance relay. Mho relay. Modified impedance relay.
4/29/2014 9
APTRANSCO
Impedance relay:
Characteristics of an impedance relay on R-X diagram is shown in fig. Operation of the impedance relay is independent of the phase angle between V and I. The operating characteristic is a circle with its center at the origin, and hence the relay is non-directional.
4/29/2014 10
APTRANSCO
4/29/2014 11
APTRANSCO
Characteristic of Directional Impedance Relay:

Characteristic of a directional impedance relay in the complex R-X phase is shown in fig.
4/29/2014 12
APTRANSCO
The directional unit of the relay causes separation of the regions of the relay characteristic shown in the figure by a line drawn perpendicular to the line impedance locus.
The net result is that tripping will occur only for points that are both within the circles and above the directional unit characteristic.
4/29/2014 13
APTRANSCO
The Reactance-type Distance Relay:
Reactance relay measures V/I Sin0 (i.e. Z sin 0 - ). Whenever the reactance measured by the relay is less than the set value, the relay operates. The operating characteristic on R-X diagram is shown in fig
4/29/2014 14
APTRANSCO
The resistance component of impedance has no effect on the operation of reactance relay. The relay responds solely to reactance component of impedance. This relay is inherently non-directional. The relay is most suitable to detect earth faults where the effect of arc resistance is appreciable.
4/29/2014 15
APTRANSCO
Mho relay:
This is a directional impedance relay, also known as admittance relay. Its characteristic on R-X diagram is a circle whose circumference passes through the origin as illustrated in figure. The relay is inherently directional. It only operates for faults in the forward direction.
4/29/2014 16
APTRANSCO
4/29/2014 17
APTRANSCO
Modified impedance relay:

Also known as offset Mho relay whose characteristic encloses the origin on R-X diagram as shown in fig This offset mho relay has three main applications: Busbar zone backup Carrier starting unit in distance/carrier blocking schemes. Power Swing blocking.
4/29/2014 18
APTRANSCO
Main Features in Distance Scheme

Distance schemes consist of the following major components: Starters. Measuring units. Timers Auxiliary relays
4/29/2014 19
APTRANSCO
Starters: Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
The starting relay (or starter) initiates the distance scheme in the event of a fault within the required reach (more than zone-3). Other functions of the starter are: Starting of timer relays for second and third zones. Starting of measuring elements. The starters are generally of Mho or impedance type.
4/29/2014 20
APTRANSCO
Mho type starters: Measuring units for phase and earth faults can be either directional or non-directional as Mho starter is inherently directional. With impedance type starters: Measuring units have to be directional as impedance starters are non directional. The under impedance relay can be used in conjunction with the directional relay as starter which will then function similar to the Mho starter.
4/29/2014 21
APTRANSCO
Measuring units: They are generally of a mho or reactance or a combination of mho, reactance and resistance types.
Phase Fault Units: These measuring units are fed with line to line voltages (such as Vab, Vbc) and difference between line currents (Ia-Ib). They measure the positive sequence impedance from the relay location to the fault point. Three such relays respond correctly to all possible single line to ground faults line to line faults, double line to ground faults and 3-phase faults. They however do not respond correctly to earth faults.
4/29/2014 22
APTRANSCO
Earth Fault Units: These measuring units utilize line to neutral voltage (Van, Vbn Vcn) and phase currents (Ia, Ib, Ic). In order to make these units measure the positive sequence impedance correctly, a zero sequence current compensation is to be provided which is obtained by: KN = (Z0-Z1)/ 3*Z1 where Z1 = positive sequence impedance of line. Z0 = Zero sequence impedance of line. In the current circuit (1+KN) Ia will be fed for the above measurement.
4/29/2014 23
APTRANSCO
Timers: Timer relays when initiated by starters provide the time lag required for zones. They also will be used for zone extension purpose whenever required. Auxiliary relays: Distance scheme comprises of several auxiliary relays, which perform functions such as flag indications, trippings, signaling, alarm etc.
4/29/2014 24
APTRANSCO
Additional Features in distance schemes: Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
Power Swing blocking relay VT fuse failure relay. Switch onto fault relay Fault locator Auto-reclosing scheme. Carrier communication scheme.
4/29/2014 25
Power Swing blocking: -
APTRANSCO
Distance relay which respond to balanced 3-phase changes in the impedance will be affected by power swings. Swings or oscillations occur following a system disturbance such as major load change or a dip in voltage due to delayed fault clearance. In case of fault, the transition from period of impedance locations (25 to 33% of starter impedance) to fault impedance (starter impedance) is sudden whereas during power swings it is slow. The PSB relays use this difference to block the tripping during swings.
4/29/2014 26
APTRANSCO
VT fuse failure relay: Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
The distance relays being voltage restraint O/C relays, loss of voltage due to main PT fuse failure or inadvertent removal of fuse in one or more phases will cause the relay operation. The fuse failure relay will sense such condition by the presence of residual voltage without residual current and blocks the relay.
4/29/2014 27
APTRANSCO
Switch onto fault: When the line is switched on to a close by fault (say after line clear with earth switch closed), the voltage at the relaying point will be zero. Faults of this type will normally be cleared by backup zones. The voltage applied to the relay is low and this condition occurring simultaneously with the operation of starter will cause instantaneous trip by SOTF relay. This SOTF feature will be effective only for about 1-2 seconds after the line is charged. Faults occurring after this time will be measured in the normal way.
4/29/2014 28
APTRANSCO
Fault locator: It measures the distance between the relay location and fault location in terms of Z in Ohms, or length in KM or percentage of line length. This relay gets same inputs as the distance relay (connected in series with one of the main relays). The measurement is initiated by trip signal from distance relays. The fault locator gives the exact location of the fault, thereby reducing the time of restoration.
4/29/2014 29
APTRANSCO
Factors affecting operation:Fault resistance. Infeed effect.
distance
relay
Branching-off effect. Load encroachment.

4/29/2014 30
APTRANSCO
Fault resistance:Fault resistance has two components: Arc resistance. Ground resistance. In a fault between phases, only arc resistance is involved. For a fault at F, the actual line impedance R + JX = ZL Due to the presence of fault resistance, the impedance measured by the relay R + JX + RF = ZR (where ZR > ZL).
4/29/2014 31
APTRANSCO
Fault arc resistance is given by Warrington's formula: Rarc = 8750 x L / I 1.4

where
L = length of arc in ft I = fault current in Amps
The arc resistance has little effect on accuracy of zone-1 unit as it operates instanteously before the arc can stretch appreciably except in case of short lines. Reactance relays are therefore used for short lines where the fault resistance may be comparable with that of the protected lines and also for ground faults where the ground resistance is high. The arc resistance will have greater impact on accuracy of backup zones (time delayed) as the arc stretches appreciably.
4/29/2014 32
APTRANSCO
Infeed effect:The effect of intermediate current source between relay location and fault point is termed as infeed effect. Consider the sketch indicated in fig --A fault at F on the line BC is at a distance of Z1+Z2 for the relay at station A. But when current I2 flows from bus D, the impedance to the fault as seen by the relay at A is Z1 + Z2 + Z2 x (I2/I1). Thus the fault is seen by the relay as farther than what it really is, i.e. distance relay under reaches due to the infeed effect. The effect of infeed becomes more pronounced with more interconnections at station B.
4/29/2014 33
APTRANSCO
4/29/2014 34
APTRANSCO
Branching-off effect: Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
A fault at F is at the distance of Z1+Z2 for the relay at station A. But when current I1 gets distributed as I2 & I3 at station B, the impedance to fault seen by the relay at station A will be (Z1 + I3/I1 * Z2) which is less than (Z1+Z2). Then the fault is seen by the relay as nearer than what it really is i.e. distance relay overreaches due to branching-off effect. This overreaching tendency will cause the relay to loose its selectivity.
4/29/2014 35
APTRANSCO
Load encroachment: ] While protecting long lines the necessary reach may be so large that the minimum service impedance (or load impedance) falls within the region of the starter. This would result in tripping without there being any fault. The two conditions i.e. operation at heavy load and short circuit differ by virtue of phase angle between voltage and current. For the load impedance, the phase angle will be within +30 to -30 Deg. While during short circuits, the fault impedance has a phase angle of 60 to 80 deg. (i.e. line angle).
4/29/2014 36
APTRANSCO
Load encroachment problem is more pronounced in case of under impedance starters and gets lessened in case of mho, elliptical, lens etc, type of starters.
Relays with suitable characteristic on R-X diagram have to be carefully chosen to protect long and heavily loaded lines, and this becomes easily possible with microprocessor based numerical relays.
4/29/2014 37
APTRANSCO
Non-switched scheme vs switched scheme: Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
In an ideal Non-switched scheme, there will be 6 starters, 3 for phase faults and 3 for ground faults. There will be independent measuring units for both phase faults and earth fault for each phase, for all three zones, totaling to 18 units. This scheme is faster and more accurate but is costly. In the switched scheme, only one measuring unit will be used for all types of faults
4/29/2014 38
APTRANSCO
This single measuring unit is switched to the correct fault loop impedance by switching-in the respective voltages and currents by the starter. The reach of the measuring element gets extended to zone-2 and zone-3 after the elapse of corresponding timings through zone extension process. Switched scheme is relatively slow in operation and has the risk of total scheme failure in the event of failure of the only one measuring unit available.
4/29/2014 39
APTRANSCO
Zone extension schemes: As a via media between non-switched and switched schemes, there are schemes with zone extension facility (such as EE make MM3V & MR3V relays). These schemes consists of 3 measuring units for phase faults and 3 measuring units for earth faults (apart from 3 starters).
The reach of the measuring unit gets extended to zone-2 and zone-3 after elapse of corresponding timings through a zone extension process.
4/29/2014 40
APTRANSCO
Other Operating Characteristics:

Earlier when electromagnetic relays were in use, the characteristics involving straight lines and /or circles on R-X diagram were only possible. With the advent of static relays, microprocessor based relays and presently of numerical relays, any desired/required-operating characteristic is possible giving wider choice for selection of relays. Infact there are relays, which can be programmed remotely.
4/29/2014 41
APTRANSCO
Application of distance relays:

Since the distance relays are fed from the secondaries of line CTs and bus PTs/line CVTs, the line parameters are to be converted into secondary values to set the relay as per requirements. Zsecy = Zpri/Impedance ratio (where Impedance ratio = P.T.Ratio/C.T.Ratio) Hence any changes in C.T .ratio has to be effected along with revision of relay settings only.
4/29/2014 42
APTRANSCO
To ensure proper coordination between distance relays in power system, it is customary to choose relay ohmic setting as follows: ------------------------------------------------------------------------S.No. Zones Reactance Time ------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Zone-1 80% of ZL Instantaneous (no intentional time delay). 2. Zone-2 100% of ZL + 40-50% of ZSL 100% of ZL + 120% of ZSL 100% of ZL + 120% of ZLL 0.3 to 0.4 seconds 0.6 to 0.8 seconds 0.9 to 1.5 seconds.
4/29/2014 43
3.
Zone-3
4.
Zone-4
APTRANSCO
3-ZONE TIME- DISTANCE CHARACTERISTIC
Z3 t3 t2 t1 A Z2 Z3 Z2 Z1 B C Z1 t1 t2 t3
REACH ZONE-1: 0.8 X ZL ZONE-2: ZL + 50% OF ADJACENT LINE ZONE-3: ZL + 110% OF ADJACENT LINE
TIME INS (<100ms) 0.3-0.4sec 0.6-0.7sec
4/29/2014 44
APTRANSCO
where ZL = Positive sequence impedance of be protected.

line to
ZSL = Positive sequence impedance of shortest line.
adjacent
ZLL = Positive sequence impedance of adjacent longest line. Note: Where a three zone relay only is available, the zone 3 will be set to cover the adjacent longest line. The zonal timings will be carefully selected to properly grade with the relays on all the feeders emanating from the adjacent bus
4/29/2014 45
APTRANSCO
4/29/2014 46
APTRANSCO
Norms of protection adopted for transmission lines in A.P.System:Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
132 KV Lines: A switched type distance scheme supplemented by three numbers directional O/L relays and 1 No. directional E/L relay. 220 KV Lines: Two Distance Schemes: Main-I: - Non-switched scheme fed from bus PT. Main-II: - A switched scheme fed from line CVT. .
4/29/2014 47
APTRANSCO
A provision is generally made for the changeover of voltage supply for the distance schemes from the bus PT to line CVT and vice-versa Each distance scheme is fed from independent CT secondary cores. 400 KV Lines:Two Distance Schemes:Main-I:- Non-switched or Numerical distance schemes Main-II:-Non-switched or Numerical distance schemes
4/29/2014 48
4/29/2014 49
IEC 61850
IEC61850 is beyond just the protocol for substation automation , it also provides common addresses more of what is required for interoperability of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) . Standardized object models and naming conventions Standardized meaning of data Standardized services and device behavior models Self-describing devices Common configuration language Profiles for: Control/SCADA Protection messaging Transducers and I/O
IEC61850-enabled IEDs get digitalized power grid condition data via process bus and merge units IEDs communicate with each other using substation buses Legacy devices use IEC61850 wrapper
Process Bus

Object model and Ethernet communication
Object & class :-
A class is a template for the creation of objects, the description of one or more objects with the same definitions for information and behavior.
An object is defined as an instance of a class . Objects represent information and behavior : properties (or components, attributes) Data that describe an object services (or methods, and events) Methods are things you can tell the object to do Events are things the object does

Function Definitions
The functional elements are the smallest parts of a function that can exchange data. Functions in the substation are performed by the protection, control, monitoring and recording system . These functional elements in IEC 61850 are called Logical Nodes .
Logical Node Groups :

System Logical Nodes LN Group: L 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Logical Nodes for protection functions LN Group: P Protection related functions LN Group: R Control LN Group: C Interfacing and archiving LN Group: I Automatic control LN Group: A

6) Metering and measurement LN Group: M 7) Sensors and monitoring LN Group: S 8) Switchgear LN Group: X 9) Instrument transformers LN Group: T 10) Power transformers LN Group: Y Common data classes for measurant information Measured value (MV) Complex measured value (CMV) Sequence (SEQ) Differential measurements Name: MDIF Measurement Name: MMXU
Example
MMXU1.A.phsB.cVal.mag.f

Ethernet communication Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
Ethernet devices attach to a common medium that provides a path along which the electronic signals will travel: - historically, this medium has been coaxial copper cable - more commonly a twisted pair -fiber optic cabling Segment - a single shared medium as an Ethernet segment. Nodes - devices that attach to that segment are stations or nodes. Frame - The nodes communicate in short messages called frames, which are variably sized chunks of information
Possible application areas in NDPL other than participants area: Transmission Medium :
RS 232 - 9/25 pin D connector EIA 232 - Maximum data rate 20kb/s - Maximum distance 50 feet RS 485 - 2/4 conductors EIA 485 - Maximum data rate 10Mb/s - Maximum distance 4000 feet Optical fiber - Immunity to electrical interference - Advantages in distance and speed Ethernet - 100 Mbps instead of few 10 kbps
Possible application areas in NDPL other than participants area: Communication Structure Comparison between legacy and Ethernet
Possible application areas in NDPL other than participants area:
Goosing concept and usage Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

GOOSE messages are one of the key feature of IEC 61850
GOOSE - Generic Object Oriented Substation Event

It supports the exchange of a wide range of possible common data organized by a DATA-SET.
GOOSE message :- GOOSE messages shall continue to send the

message with a long cycle time, even if no status/value change has occurred. This ensures that devices that have been activated recently will know the current status values of their peer devices.

Performances of GOOSE Massage :-
Station bus and process bus Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
Possible application areas in NDPL other than participants area: Engineering and Testing
Engineering Process Requirements Requires the implementation of an engineering process based on: Knowledge of the problem domain Knowledge of the state-of-the-art technology Utility standards Industry standards Object-oriented design State-of-the-art tools
Challenges Differences in the models implemented by different suppliers Settings are not implemented Programmable Scheme Logic modeling Distributed functions modeling HMI modeling Testing related modeling issues Benefits Quite significant Reduce the costs for system design Improve factory and site acceptance testing Improve the maintenance process Improve the overall quality of the substation automation system
61850 Provides
1) Substation Configuration Language 2) SCL Components a) Substation section: b) Communication section c) IED section d) LNType section 3) SCL Files .SSD for System Specification Description. .ICD for IED Capability Description. .CID for Configured IED Description.
Possible application areas in NDPL other than participants area: Benefits
Reduction of wiring costs More flexible programming is independent of wiring Reliability: Link status known before use. New capabilities not cost-effective with hardwired systems. Higher performance with more data. Speed: 100 Mbps instead of few 10 kbps Peer-to-peer: No extra hardware Conditional report instead of polling IP (Internet Protocol) routing Independent of operating systems and programming languages Independent of middleware Independent of communication systems Independent of vendor (multi-vendor support)
71
Introduction
Classical Definition of a Phasor

A pure sinusoidal waveform can be represented by a unique complex number known as a phasor.
A sinusoidal signal
The phasor representation of this sinusoid is given by

72
Introduction

The RMS cosine-reference voltage and current phasors are.
V | V | e I | I | e
j v
| V | v
j i
| I | i
73
Introduction
(a) Sinusoidal signal (b) Phasor Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE representation
74
Introduction

If the sinusoid is not a pure sine wave, the phasor is assumed to represent its fundamental frequency component. The most commonly used method of calculating phasors from sampled data is that of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
75
Introduction
Important of the Phasor Measurement
ET 1 * ET 2 P sin XL
76
Introduction
Important of the Phasor Measurement
77
Introduction
Modern EMS systems started from 1965

Data refresh rate is around 2 to 5 seconds Measurement signals are not synchronized People relies upon power flow and state estimation to estimate the angles among buses. It is an offline estimation and the results are not reliable.
78
Introduction
Modern phasor measurement systems can trace origin to the development of the Symmetrical Component Distance Relay (SCDR) in the early 1970s. In early 1980s, measurement system started using GPS to synchronize the sampling clocks, which offering a common reference. The first experimental PMUs were developedKnowledge at Virginia in 1988, Sharing Tech Make it a way of LIFE
79
Introduction
The modern PMUs use one pulse per second signals provided by the GPS satellite receivers.
The accuracy of the GPS timing pulse is better than 1 s. For a 60 Hz system corresponds to about 0.02 degrees. Current PMU records data at the rate of 30 samples per second (This number can be Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE adjusted).
80
Introduction
Functional block diagram of the elements in a PMU.
81
PMU and Smart Grid Development

The electrical power system is one of the most sophisticated man-made infrastructures. While the power system is a technological marvel, it is also reaching the limit of its ability to meet the nation's electricity needs. The modernization of the electricity infrastructure leads to the concept of smart grid. Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE
82
PMU and Smart Grid Development

The term Smart Gird refers to a modernization of the electricity delivery system so that it monitors, protect, and automatically optimizes the operation of its interconnected elements. In general, a comprehensive smart grid design should take holistic approaches and cover both top-down and bottom-up approaches. Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE
83
Desired Features of Smart Grid

Advanced monitoring, control, and demand management. Advanced components & operating concepts. Robust modeling & simulation tools. Seamless interconnection of low environmental impact new generation technologies. Standardized architecture & secure communication standards.
84
Potential Areas of Smart Grid Development and Applications

85
PMU for Wide Area Monitoring and Control

Deployment of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)

In 2007, the organization of U.S Department of Energy (DOE) and the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), along with involved electric utility companies and other organizations, formed the North American SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI) With funding from The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, several smart investment grant and demonstration projects have been awarded to advance the synchrophsor technology.
86

Deployment of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
87

Potential PMU Applications

Wide-Area Visualization and Monitoring; Angle and Frequency Monitoring; Interarea Oscillation Detection & Analysis; Proximity to Voltage Collapse; State Estimation; Fast Frequency Regulation; Transmission Fault Location Estimation; Dynamic Model Validation.
88

Though the above applications are from the view of ISO, the PMUs-based applications also benefit generator owners and other market participants. PMUs are able to continuously record several different signals which are the requirements of ancillary services like spinning reserve, frequency control and voltage control. Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE
89
Sample PMU Applications

PMU applications in CAISO: Wide area visualization and monitoring
Source: EPG
90

Recording of Actual Event
91

Comparison between Actual response and Simulation Results
WSCC (WECC) System Blackout on August 10, 1996

92

State Estimation
State estimation techniques were developed in 1970s
Obtain an approximation to averaged system state from scanned data (seconds to minutes) It is referred as Static State Estimates.
PMUs enable synchronized phasor measurement bus voltages & currents.

Make significant improvement on state estimation or state measurement applications Install PMU in the system could be a smart move to improve the accuracy and efficiency of state estimation.
93

PMU Based On-Line generator parameter identification system.

PMU Phasor Data Concentrator
hp Workstation i2000
PMU
Ethernet
.....
GPS PMU Applications

Communication Standards IEEE C37.118.2 IEC 61850-90-5 ICCP
hp Workstation i2000
EMS Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE Database
94

PMU Based On-Line generator response and parameter identification system.
Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of Original System
Reduced LIFE
System
95

PMU Based On-Line generator response and parameter identification system.

The Reliability Standards relate to generator model verification are:
MOD-026-1 Verification of Models and Data for Generator Excitation System Functions MOD-027-1 Verification of Generator Unit Frequency Response
Once these Reliability Standards are approved, the standards become mandatory and enforceable requirements
96

Fault Location in the Transmission Network.
97
Relevant PMU Standards

C37.111-1999
A general transient data recording file format standard
C37.118.1-2011
Covers synchrophasor measurements for power systems Adds frequency & rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and dynamic operation
C37.118.2-2011
Defines real-time synchronized phasor measurement data exchange method
98
Conclusion and Discussion

PMU is a matured technology. In addition to the original intended applications on Phasor Measurement, PMUs offer attractive options for improving protection and control actions on modern power systems. Future power systems will have to face more stressful regimes; improved protection and control offered by the wide area measurement systems based on PMUs will Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE
SEEKH Session Details

Date of SEEKH Session:
No. of People Participated:
Any new action initiated or new idea generated (SHINE) because of SEEKH Session:
KM INDEX POINT:
For any Query regarding this SHIKSHA document please contact me at Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
Ph/Mob:
Email:
Thank You

Tutorial & Seminar On Power System Protection & Automation

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Tutorial & Seminar On Power System Protection & Automation

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

(KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT)

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Tutorial on Power System Protection & Automation

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Name of attended Program (Agency) Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Duration of the program Faculty/Eminent Speakers

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Key Takeaways - Quick Information

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Application of learning in participants area of responsibility:

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Distance Relaying Principle:

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Characteristic of Directional Impedance Relay:

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

The Reactance-type Distance Relay:

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Modified impedance relay:

Main Features in Distance Scheme

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Starters: Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Additional Features in distance schemes: Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Power Swing blocking: -

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

VT fuse failure relay: Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Factors affecting operation:Fault resistance. Infeed effect.

Branching-off effect. Load encroachment.

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Fault arc resistance is given by Warrington's formula: Rarc = 8750 x L / I 1.4

L = length of arc in ft I = fault current in Amps

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE

Branching-off effect: Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Knowledge Sharing Make it a way of LIFE