AKSHAY CHANDEL (601) MITHIL PANDEY(627) KUSUMA SUJAN(644) ANKIT SINGH(606)

A parabolic trough is a type of solar thermal collector that is straight in one dimension and curved as a parabola in the other two, lined with a polished metal mirror.

Parabolic Trough Collector

The energy of sunlight which enters the mirror parallel to its plane of symmetry is focused along the focal line, where objects are positioned that are intended to be heated. For example, food may be placed at the focal line of a trough, which causes the food to be cooked when the trough is aimed so the Sun is in its plane of symmetry

Motion

Collector type Flat plate collector (FPC)

Absorber type Flat Flat Tubular

Concentration ratio 1 1 1-5 5-15

Indicative temperature range (C) 30-80 50-200 60-240 60-300

Stationary

Evacuated tube collector (ETC) parabolic collector (PC)

Single-axis tracking

Linear Fresnel reflector (LFR)

Parabolic trough collector (PTC) Cylindrical trough collector (CTC)

Tubular
Tubular Tubular Point Point

10-40
13-45 10-50 100-1000 100-1500

60-250
60-300 60-300 100-500 150-2000

Two-axes tracking

Parabolic dish reflector (PDR) Heliostat field collector (HFC)

Note: Concentration ratio is defined as the aperture area divided by the receiver/absorber area of the collector.

TEI Patra: 3-18 July 2006

Parameters Rim Angle (Degrees) Focal Length (mm) Mirror Length(mm) Aperture Width(mm) Depth of Parabola(mm) SS Sheet Thickness(mm) Concentration Ratio Thermocouple Thermal Conductivity of SS (w/m/k) Thermal Conductivity of Copper (w/m/k) 16.3 385 90 200 914.4 647.7 250 0.5 13.6

Parabolic Trough Collector

Date/Time
21st april 22nd april 23rd april 24th april 25th april 26th april 27th april

9am-10am
32 C 32C 32C 34C 36C 34C 35C

10am-11am
34C 34C 34C 35C 36C 36C 37C

11am-12pm
36C 35C 35C 37C 38C 38C 39C

12pm-1pm
37C 36C 36C 37C 39C 39C 40C

1pm-2pm
38C 36C 37C 38C 40C 39C 41C

2PM-3PM
38C 37C 37C 39C 40C 40C 42C

Hourly temperature data for 1 week

Date/Time 21st april HTF inlet temp. Tin [oC] HTF outlet temp. Tout [oC] iirradiance G [W/m2] Date/Time 22nd april HTF inlet temp. Tin [oC] HTF outlet temp. Tout [oC] iirradiance G [W/m2] Date/Time 23rd april HTF inlet temp. Tin [oC] HTF outlet temp. Tout [oC] iirradiance G [W/m2]

9am-10am

10am11am

11am12pm

12pm-1pm

1pm-2pm

2pm-3pm

9am-10am

10am11am

11am12pm

12pm-1pm

1pm-2pm

2pm-3pm

9am-10am

10am11am

11am12pm

12pm-1pm

1pm-2pm

2pm-3pm

Date/Time 24th april HTF inlet temp. Tin [oC] HTF outlet temp. Tout [oC] iirradiance G [W/m2] Date/Time 25th april HTF inlet temp. Tin [oC] HTF outlet temp. Tout [oC] iirradiance G [W/m2] Date/Time 26th april HTF inlet temp. Tin [oC] HTF outlet temp. Tout [oC] iirradiance G [W/m2]

9am-10am

10am11am

11am12pm

12pm-1pm

1pm-2pm

2pm-3pm

9am-10am

10am11am

11am12pm

12pm-1pm

1pm-2pm

2pm-3pm

9am-10am

10am11am

11am12pm

12pm-1pm

1pm-2pm

2pm-3pm

Cmax

1 sin( m )

where m is the half acceptance angle limited by the size of the suns disk, small scale errors and irregularities of the reflector surface and tracking errors.

For the condition of F = D , the rim angle becomes equal to 90 and the receiver makes minimum intercept angle with radiation reflected from Parabolic Trough

 The concentration ratio (C) is defined as the ratio of the aperture area to the receiver/absorber area, i.e.:
C Aa Ar

For flat-plate collectors with no reflectors, C=1. For concentrators C is always greater than 1. For a single axis collector the maximum possible concentration is given by:
C m ax 1 sin( m )

and for two-axes tracking collector:

C m ax 1 sin 2 ( m )
Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

where m is the half acceptance angle limited by the size of the suns disk, small scale errors and irregularities of the reflector surface and tracking errors.

TEI Patra: 3-18 July 2006

Convection heat exchange between the receiver and the uid =Qcrf = hcrf Ari (Tri Tf ) And hcrf = Nurff /dri Where, Hcrf = Heat Transfer Coefficient Between Receiver And Fluid. Ari =.d.L (Internal Surface of Receiver). Tri = Inner temperature of receiver. Tf = Average temperature of fluid. Dri = inner diameter of receiver. = Thermal Conductivity of fluid.

Conduction through Receiver Conduction heat transfer through the receiver Qkr is : Qkr = (Tre Tri)/Rkr And Rkr = (ln(dre/dri))/2 rL Where , Tre = outer temperature of the receiver, C Tri = inner temperature of the receiver, C dre = outer diameter of the receiver, mm dri = inner diameter of the receiver, mm r = thermal conductivity of the receiver W/mm/C

How efficient is the collector in capturing the suns energy: Collector efficiency = heat capturing capability -heat loss Heat loss of a collector = Fr UL * (Tm-Ta)/G Where, Fr UL = the collectors thermal losses. The smaller, the better. T =Collector fluid T minus air T G = Solar Insolation. (w/ m2 )

Heat Capturing Capability = Fr() Where, Fr() = The amount of solar energy that can be absorbed by the collector is characterized by Fr (taualpha), its optical efficiency. The higher, the better.

Linear efficiency equation

How efficient is the collector in capturing the suns energy :

= Fr() -Fr UL * (Tm-Ta)/G. Where , = Collectors Efficiency

Factors for successful project:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.

7.

Large demand for hot water to reduce importance of fixed costs High energy costs (e.g. natural gas not available) No reliable conventional energy supply Strong environmental interest by building owner/operator Daytime hot water loads require less storage Daytime hot water loads require less storage Lower cost, seasonal systems can be financially preferable to Lower cost, seasonal systems can be financially preferable to higher higher-cost year cost year- -round systems round systems. Maintenance similar to any plumbing system, but operator must Maintenance similar to any plumbing system, but operator must be committed to timely maintenance and repairs

1. Solar Water Heaters are the most cost effective and environmentally friendly way to harness solar energy for domestic and commercial applications. They can be used in any climate and the only fuel they need is SUNLIGHT. 2. Save Energy:40% of an advantages over conventional water heating systems as they: 3. Save Interior Space: These systems are usually located on rooftops. 4. Safer: These systems eliminate the risk of accidents in bathrooms due to electrical water heating equipment. 5. They require little or no maintenance, while providing hot water all day, everyday.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Restaurants, Clubs & Resorts Hospitals, Hostels, Institutions Canteens and Laundries For Swimming pool water heating Process Industries Green buildings to earn renewable energy points For Can washing at Dairy collection centres General washing & cleaning purposes Agricultural sector As Infer to the boiler ( Closed Loop / open loop) Or we can say to fed pre heated water to the boiler. 11. Can be used to provide direct Hot water to VAM based Air conditioning systems