Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure by Nervous System

M. Rasjad Indra Lab. Ilmu Faal FK UNIBRAW

Circulation Control by Nervous System

The role of nervous system in controlling local blood flow is very little. Nervous system has more role in global function:
1. Distributing blood to particular part of the body 2. The strength of heart as a pump 3. Rapid control of blood flow

Three Major Changes

If sympathetic nervous system are stimulated 1. Almost all arterioles are constricted Increases the total peripheral resistance 2. The veins especially & other large vessels are

strongly constricted
Increases venous return increase cardiac out put (Starling Law)

3. The heart enhancing cardiac pumping Increases heart rate Increases cardiac contractility

Spinal anesthesia causes decreasing of blood pressure due to vasomotor tonus loss

Reflex Mechanism for Maintaining Normal Arterial Pressure Baroreceptor Reflexes:

The receptors: Baroreceptors or Pressoreceptors
Located in the wall of several of large systemic arteries Sinus caroticus n. Hering n. Glossopharyngeus tr. Solitarius Med. Oblongata. Arcus aortae n. Vagus

The Response: Feedback signals to reduce arterial pressure

Vasodilatation of the veins and arterioles Decreased heart rate & the strength of heart contraction

Effect of changes in arterial pressure (P) to the changes of impulse transmission. Hering from carotid sinus (I) Baroreceptor performs better response to the changes of pressure than static pressure

Clamping of a. carotis communis increases in arterial pressure mean (MAP), releasing of clamp decreases arterial pressure

Function of Baroreceptor Reflex

During changes in Body Posture
To maintain relatively constant arterial pressure in the upper body

Pressure Buffer Function

Opposes either increases or decreases in arterial pressure.

Unimportance of Baroreceptor System for Long Regulation

The resetting of baroreceptor systems

Recording of blood pressure for 2 hours in NORMAL condition (upper figure) and some weeks after sinus caroticus and Sinus aorticus DENERVATION (lower figure)

Frequency of MAP for 24 hours in NORMAL dog and some weeks after baroreceptor denervation

Reflex Mechanism for Maintaining Normal Arterial Pressure (Cont.) Chemoreceptors Reflex:
The receptors sensitive to:
Lack of oxygens; CO2 excess and H+ excess. Located in the wall of small arteries; Carotid Bodies & Aortic Bodies.

Not a powerful control in a normal arterial pressure range

Important in below 80 mmHg

Low-pressure Receptors:
Stretch receptors Located in the wall of: Pulmonary arteries & Atrium Role: to minimize arterial pressure changes in response to changes in blood volume.

Reflex Mechanism for Maintaining Normal Arterial Pressure (Cont.)

Volume Reflex (Atrial Reflex that Activate the Kidney)
Stimulation: Stretch of the atria Response: 1. Dilatation of the afferent arteriole in the kidney 2. To Hypothalamus Decrease ADH secretion 3. Release of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

The Bainbridge Reflex

Stimulation: Stretch of the atria Response: n. Vagus Med. Oblongata Increase the heart rate & strength of the heart contraction

BARORESEPTOR CONTROL Blood Pressure

HIGHER CENTER CA CI +

Baroreceptor + -

VASOMOTOR CENTER CI CA JANTUNG SV Hr

VD

C.O.P X TPR Blood Pressure

CHEMORECEPTOR VC O2 H PH CO2