SITI NUR FATINAH 6PUSC

Malaria is the worlds most widespread infectious diseases. Prevelant throughout the tropics and sub tropics and is endemic in 106 countries

INCREASE IN DRUG RESISTANT FORM OF Plasmodium

Increase in the number of epidemic due to climatic and environmental changes

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE WORLDWIDE CONCERN

Increase in insecticide-resistant forms of anopheles

Difficulties in producing vaccine

CAUSES OF MALARIA
Caused by a protoctist of the genus Plasmodium. 4 known pathogenic species P.falciparum, P.vivax, P.ovale, & P.malariae The parasite doesnt infect human directly. Enters human body via vector transmission. Life cycle of Plasmodium require two hosts,human and mosquitoes.

MODE OF TRANSMISSON
Plasmodium is carried by mosquitoes belonging to the genus Anopheles. Female mosquitoes feed on human blood to obtain a protein fot development of mosquito eggs. When a mosquito feeds on an infected person, it takes up some Plasmodium gametocytes with the blood meal. when it feeds again, it injected saliva containing anticoagulant and Plasmodium sporozoites into the infected human. Can also be transmitted during blood transfusion and vertical transmisson

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

10 15 days after being bitten by infective mosquito, the infected person will develops a fever that can be very high (101F/38c). The fever occurs at 3 days intervals. Others symptoms- shivering, vomiting, nausea, headache, muscle pain and sweating. The rupture of erythrocytes causes anemia. Spleen enlarged and may ruptures as well, causing internal haemorrhage. P.falciparum can infect brain, resulting in inflammation and convulsions.

TREATMENT
OLDEST TRADITIONAL MEDICINES to

treat Malaria is quinine.

Today, there are a variety of antimalarial drugs, which are effectives but may have unpleasant side effects.

Antimalarial drug

Notes/ Side Effects

Choloroquine

Inhibits protein synthesis Effectiveness rapidly decreasing due to drug resistant forms of Plasmodium Inhibits sexual reproduction of Plasmodium inside the biting mosquito Slight hair loss, mouth ulcers Very potent and strictly used for resistant strains Expensive Vomitting,dizziness, disturbed sleep Derived from Chinese herb (qinghaosu) from the plant Artemisia annua Very rapid action, preventing progression of the disease

Proguanil

Mefloquine

Artemisinin

KILLING THE INSECT VECTOR

METHOD OF PREVENTION

USE OF PROPHYLACTICS

AVOID BEING BITTEN BY MOSQUITOES