Chapter 13
Heat Treatments
1.
2.
3.
Blanching Heat to deactivate enzymes Pasteurization Heat to kill pathogenic bacteria Sterilization Heat to kill all bacteria and other organisms
Low Temperature
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chemical Preservation
Food Additives
Food additives are any substitute that becomes part of a food product either directly or indirectly during processing, storing or packaging.
The Food and Drug Administration 1938 Food Drug and Cosmetic Act 1958 and 1960 Amendments 1. Delaney Clause
GRAS
Generally Recognized As Safe First established 700 placed on the list without going through testing Now those substances are being reevaluated Foods have been removed
3.
4.
5. 6.
Prove additive is effective Prove additive can be detected and measured in final products Study the effects of the substance on animals (in large doses) Submit results to validate the findings Schedule a public hearing FDA approves or rejects
2.
Modified Atmosphere (MA) 1. Nitrogen 2. CO2 Controlled Atmosphere (CA) 1. Vacuum Packaging 2. Shrink Wrapping
Irradiation
1.
2.
Pasteurization Sterilization
Irradiation
kGy Food approved in the US Pork Chicken Beef Fruits and Vegetables Grain Many other foods approved in other countries
Irradiation Source
-
Purpose To evaluate ordor, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability of irradiated ground beef patties stored over a six-week period
300-2.8 oz patties were blast frozen Packed 20 patties per Cryovac bag Vacuum sealed Placed in a corrugated box and packed in dry ice Irradiated in Florida Dosimeter placed inside boxes Stored at 18C Sampled weekly for 6 weeks
1 (=dislike
9 (=like)
Irradiated Strawberries
were irradiated at doses of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 Stored for periods of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days at 2oC
38 36
m / g fresh weight
0kGy 1 kGy
34 32 30 28 26 24 0 2
Day
Results DHA
Dehydroascorbic acid 14 12 10
m/g fresh weight
0 kGy 1kGy
8 6 4 2 0 0 2 Day 4 6
Irradiated Strawberries