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This document discusses transient vibration analysis of single degree of freedom systems. It covers topics like impulse excitation, arbitrary excitation using convolution integrals, and numerical methods like the Laplace transform and Runge-Kutta method. Examples are provided to illustrate the response of spring-mass systems to pulse excitations and shock loading, including the use of shock response spectra to characterize shock severity.
This document discusses transient vibration analysis of single degree of freedom systems. It covers topics like impulse excitation, arbitrary excitation using convolution integrals, and numerical methods like the Laplace transform and Runge-Kutta method. Examples are provided to illustrate the response of spring-mass systems to pulse excitations and shock loading, including the use of shock response spectra to characterize shock severity.
This document discusses transient vibration analysis of single degree of freedom systems. It covers topics like impulse excitation, arbitrary excitation using convolution integrals, and numerical methods like the Laplace transform and Runge-Kutta method. Examples are provided to illustrate the response of spring-mass systems to pulse excitations and shock loading, including the use of shock response spectra to characterize shock severity.
Transient vibration of single dof systems, Laplace and finite difference methods Chapter 4 Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Transient Vibration Excited by a suddenly applied non-periodic excitation F(t) transient response Steady-state oscillations are generally not produced. IMPULSE EXCITATION
A force of very large magnitude that acts for a very short time but with a time integral that is finite.
Transient Vibration & IMPULSE EXCITATION Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Figure shows an impulsive force of magnitude with a time duration of As approaches zero, such forces tend to become infinite; however, the impulse is considered to be finite When is unity, such a force in the limiting case 0 is called the unit impulse, or the delta function
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus A delta function at t = is (t - ) and has the following properties:
If (t - ) is multiplied by any time function f(t), the product will be zero everywhere except at t = and its time integral will be
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Because Fdt = mdv, the impulse acting on the mass will result in its velocity equal to without an appreciable change in its displacement. For free vibration,
Hence, the response of a spring-mass system initially at rest and excited by an impulse is
Where is the response to a unit impulse. Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus When damping is present, with
Or
In either the damped or undamped case, the equation for the impulsive response can be expressed in the form
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Equation for the response of the system excited by an arbitrary force f(t) The arbitrary force to be a series of impulses as shown in Figure
ARBITRARY EXCITATION Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus One of the impulses at time t = its strength is and its contribution to the response at time t, is dependent upon the elapsed time t - , or where where , where h(t ) is the response to a unit impulse started at t = . Because the system is linear, the principle of superposition holds. Thus the response to the arbitrary excitation f(t), is
This integral is called the convolution integral and is sometimes referred to as the superposition integral .
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus In terms of the relative displacement z = x y,
For an undamped system initially at rest, the solution for the relative displacement becomes
Base excitation: Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Complete solution: both transient and forced vibration Ex 4.3.1 Formulate the Laplace transform solution of a viscously damped spring-mass system with initial Conditions x(0) and
LAPLACE TRANSFORM ) 0 ( x
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus
The response x(t) is found from the inverse of the following equations, the first term represents the forced vibration and the second term represents the transient solution due to the initial conditions. For the more general case,
where A(s) and B(s) are polynomials Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Its reciprocal Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus The question of how far a body can be dropped without incurring damage is of frequent interest. Such considerations are of paramount importance in the landing of airplanes or the cushioning of packaged articles. In this example, we discuss some of the elementary aspects of this problem by idealizing the mecha nical system in terms of linear spring-mass components.
- initial conditions
[Example 4.3.2] (Drop Test) Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Consider the time response of the undamped spring-mass system to three different excitations. The time response must be considered in two parts, t < t 1 and t > t 1 . Rise time
- The sum of two ramp functions
PULSE EXCITATION AND RISE TIME Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus For the first ramp function, the terms of the convolution integral are
and the response becomes
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus For the second ramp function starting at t 1 , the solution can be written as
By superposition, the response for t 1 > t, becomes
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Sum of two step functions The response of the step function
The peak response is equal to 2.0 at t = /2 The response to the second step function started at t = t 1 is
The response in the second interval t > t 1 , becomes Rectangular pulse Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus The excitation is
and the differential equation of motion is
The general solution is Where p = / t 1
With the initial conditions
Half-sine pulse Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus The previous solution reduces to
To determine the solution for t > t 1 , we can use the previous equation but with t replaced by t - t 1 . For t - t 1 , the excitation force is zero and we can obtain the solution as a free vibration with t = t - t 1 .
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus The initial values can be obtained from previous equation which becomes Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus When the time duration t 1 for a pulse excitation is small compared to the natural period of the spring-mass oscillator, the excitation is called a shock. Shock vibration tests for certification of satisfactory design The maximum peak response is a measure of the severity of the shock.
SHOCK RESPONSE SPECTRUM Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Plot of the maximum peak response of the single DOF oscillator as a function of the natural period of the oscillator. The maximum of the peaks, often labeled maximax, represents only a single point on the time response curve. It does not uniquely define the shock input because it is possible for two different shock pulses to have the same maximum peak response. The peak response for the response spectrum plot is
Shock response spectrum (SRS): Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus In the case where the shock is due to the sudden motion of the support point, f(t), is replaced by the acceleration of the support point,
The maximum value of x(t) or z(t) is plotted as a function of t 1 / where is the natural period of the oscillation and t 1 is the pulse duration time.
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus SRS for a time response to the rectangular pulse: For t 1 / = 1/8, the peak response is at t m = 0.32. Thus, we have one point, 0.8 on the SRS plot.
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus If we change the pulse duration time to t 1 / = 0.4, the peak response is at time t m = 0.45. This then gives us a second point on the SRS plot, etc.
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus The dashed line curves are called the residual spectrum, and the upper curve, which is equal to 2.0 for t 1 / > 0.5, represents the envelope of all peaks.
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus The following figures show the SRS for the half-sine and the triangle pulse. Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus For shock isolation, the maximum peak response or the transmissibility must be less than unity. For the rectangular pulse,
and
Vibration isolation is then possible for
and
and the natural period of the isolated system must be greater than six times the pulse time. SHOCK ISOLATION Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Consider a more general pulse bounded by a rectangular pulse, such as shown in Fig. 4.6.1. The impulse of these force pulses is clearly less than that of the rectangular pulse. It is reasonable to assume that the maximum peak response of the rectangular pulse must be the upper bound to that of the pulse of general shape.
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus In Runge-Kutta method, the second order differential equation is first reduced to two first order equation. Consider the differential equation for the single DOF system
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus x and y can be expressed in terms of Taylors series. Let the time increment h = t.
Replacing the first order derivative by average slope and ignoring higher orders,
Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Using Simpson rule, the average slope in the interval h becomes
In 4 th order Runge-Kutta method, the center term is split into 2 terms and 4 values of are computed for each point i as follows Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Solve numerically the differential equation
With initial conditions and forcing function shown in Fig. 4.7.2. Example 4.7.1 Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Solution Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Dr. Millerjothi, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Although the Runge-Kutta method does not require the evaluation of derivatives beyond the first, its higher accuracy is achieved by four evaluations of the first derivatives to obtain agreement with the Taylor series solution through terms of order h 4 . Thus this method is more versatile and can be used for a single or more variables. For 2 variables, we can let and write 2 first-order equations as